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Anatomy > Chapter 5 The Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

The muscle is characterized by:

A

The property of contraction ( the ability of muscle fibers to become short).

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2
Q

What is the property of contraction?

A

It is the ability of muscle fibers to become short.

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3
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A

Skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles.

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4
Q

Where is the site of the skeletal muscle?

A

It is attached to the skeleton (bones).

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5
Q

What is the skeletal muscle contraction?

A

It is voluntary.

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6
Q

What is the skeletal muscle nerve supply?

A

Somatic nerve.

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7
Q

Are Striations present or absent in skeletal muscles?

A

Present.

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8
Q

What is the muscle cell (fiber) of a skeletal muscle?

A

It is multinucleated with peripheral nuclei.

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9
Q

Where is the site of the smooth muscle?

A

In the wall of the blood vessels and viscera.

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10
Q

What is the contraction of the smooth muscles?

A

Involuntary.

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11
Q

What is the nerve supply of the smooth muscle?

A

Autonomic nerve.

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12
Q

Are striations present or absent in the smooth muscles?

A

Absent.

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13
Q

What are the muscle cells (fibers) of the smooth muscles?

A

They are spindle shaped with a single nucleus.

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14
Q

Where is the site of the cardiac muscles?

A

It is located in the myocardium of the heart.

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15
Q

What is the contraction of the cardiac muscles?

A

It is involuntary.

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16
Q

What is the nerve supply of the cardiac muscles?

A

The autonomic nerve.

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17
Q

Are striations present or absent in cardiac muscles?

A

Present but less than skeletal muscles.

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18
Q

What are the muscle cells (fibers) present in the cardiac muscles?

A

They branch and fuse together with a single nerve.

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19
Q

What are the types of skeletal muscle attachments?

A

Origin and insertion.

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20
Q

Which of the attachments of the skeletal muscles is the most fixed?

A

Origin.

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21
Q

Which of the attachments of the skeletal muscles is the most mobile?

A

Insertion.

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22
Q

T or F: sometimes an insertion is the fixed point and the origin is the mobile one.

A

True.

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23
Q

T or F: a muscle may have more than one point of insertion or origin.

A

True.

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24
Q

In case of limbs, are the origins proximal or distal to the insertions?

A

Proximal.

25
Q

What happens during a contraction of a muscle?

A

The insertion moves towards the origin thus producing a movement in related origins.

26
Q

What are the types of muscle attachments?

A
  1. Attachment to the bone.
  2. Attachment to a fibrous raphe.
  3. Attachment to skin.
  4. Attachment to cartilage.
27
Q

Which of the types of the muscle attachments is the most common?

A

The attachment to the bone.

28
Q

How does a muscle attach to a bone?

A

A muscle may be attached to a bone either directly to fleshy fibers or by a tendon.

29
Q

What is the structure of the attachment to a fibrous raphe?

A

It is a band or septum of fibrous tissue through which 2 muscles fuse together. Eg. Mylohyoid muscle.

30
Q

How does an attachment to skin attach to a muscle?

A

A muscle is inserted into the dermis of skin and by its contraction, it could move the skin.

31
Q

Give an example of an attachment to cartilage.

A

As in muscles of the larynx such as circothyroid muscle.

32
Q

What is the form of skeletal muscles?

A

They vary in shape and their arrangement of their fibers to produce a specific force and range of contraction.

33
Q

What does the muscle form depend on?

A

It depends on the arrangement of the muscle fibers in relation the the line of pull.

34
Q

How are the fibers of a muscle arranged?

A

They are either arranged parallel or oblique to the line of pull.

35
Q

What is the line of pull?

A

The line of pull of a muscle is the line extending between its origin and insertion.

36
Q

What are the muscles that lie parallel to the line of pull? Give an example for each.

A
  1. Strap-like muscle, sartorius muscle.
  2. Strap-like muscle with tendinous intersections, recuts abdominis.
  3. Quadrilateral muscle, thyrohyoid muscle.
  4. Fusiform muscle, lumbrical muscle.
37
Q

What are the muscles that lie oblique to the line of pull?

A

Pennate and non-pennate muscles.

38
Q

What are the pennate muscles?

A

Unipennate, bipennate, multipennate, and circumpennate.

39
Q

What are unipennate muscles? Give an example.

A

They are fibers that lie on one side of the Tendon. Eg. Flexor pollicis longus muscle.

40
Q

What are pennate muscles?

A

They are muscles on which the fibers lie oblique to the tendons and they are 4 types. It means feather-like.

41
Q

What are bipennate muscles? Give an example.

A

The fibers lie on both sides of the tendon. Eg. Rector femoris muscle.

42
Q

What are multipennate muscles? Give an example.

A

Each is formed of a series of bipennate units lying beside each other. Eg. Deltoid muscle.

43
Q

What are circumpennate muscles? Give an example.

A

Each muscle is clyndrical with a central tendon. Eg. Tibialis anterior muscle.

44
Q

What are non-pennate fibers?

A

They are triangular muscles, spiral muscles, cruciate muscle, and circular muscles.

45
Q

Give an example of triangular muscles.

A

Temporalis muscles.

46
Q

Give an example of spiral muscles.

A

Supinator muscles.

47
Q

Give an example of cruciate muscles.

A

Masseter muscle.

48
Q

Give an example of circular muscles.

A

Obricularis oris.

49
Q

What are muscles having more than one fleshy belly or head?

A

A muscle having two heads, a muscle having three heads, and muscles having 4 heads.

50
Q

What is an example of muscles having two heads?

A

Biceps.

51
Q

What is an example of a muscle having three heads?

A

Triceps.

52
Q

What is an example of a muscle having four heads?

A

Quadriceps.

53
Q

What is muscle action?

A

A purposeful movement is not done by the action of one muscle but by a group of muscles that act together.

54
Q

What are types of muscle action?

A

Prime mover, antagonist, fixator (stabilizer), and synergist.

55
Q

What is a prime mover? Give examples.

A

A muscle that initiates and maintains movement.
Eg. Brachialis muscle prime mover of flexion and triceps prime mover of the extension of the elbow joint.

56
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

The muscle that opposes movement of the prime mover.
Eg. During the flexion of the elbow joint by brachialis muscle, the triceps muscle can oppose its action.

57
Q

What is a fixator (stabilizer)? Give an example.

A

The muscles which fix the origin of the prime mover or stabilize the joint upon which the muscle acts.
Eg. Short muscles around the shoulder joint stabilize it during prime mover contraction.

58
Q

What is a synergist? Give an example.

A

The prime mover crosses many joints before it’s insertion. Synergistic muscles will contract to eliminate any unwanted movement at the crossed joints, therefore, the action of the prime mover on the desired joint is maximal.

59
Q

How does muscle atrophy occur?

A
  1. Immobilization after a fracture.
  2. Disease in the muscle itself.
  3. Injury of the motor nerve.
  4. Injury of the spinal cord.
  5. Affection of higher centers (brain). Eg. Hemiplegia.

Anatomy (10 decks)

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