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Anatomy > Chapter 4 Articular System (Joints) > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Articular System (Joints) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a joint?

A

Contact between two or more bones.

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2
Q

What are the types of joints?

A

Fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints.

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3
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

Fixed or immobile joints in which the surfaces of the bones are connected by a fibrous tissue.

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4
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

A

Syndemosis, gomphosis, and sutures.

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5
Q

Where can the syndemosis joint be found?

A

It is present in the inferior Rubio abular joint.

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6
Q

Give an example of a syndemosis joint.

A

The lower end of tibia and fibula are connected together by a fibrous tissue called interosseous ligament.

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7
Q

Where is the gomphosis joint found?

A

In the teeth.

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8
Q

Give an example of a gomphosis joint.

A

The roots of the teeth are connected together to their sockets in the mandible and maxilla by a fibrous tissue called periodontal ligament.

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9
Q

Where are the sutures joints found?

A

In the skull.

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10
Q

Give an example of a sutures joint.

A

The bones of the skull are connected together by thin layers of fibrous tissue called sutural ligament which is obliterated at old age.

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11
Q

What are the types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Primary cartilaginous joints and secondary cartilaginous joints.

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12
Q

Which of the cartilaginous joints is temporary and disappears by ossification?

A

Primary.

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13
Q

Which of the cartilaginous joints is a permanent joint?

A

Secondary.

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14
Q

Which of the cartilaginous joints is present in the midline? Give an example.

A

Secondary, intervertebral discs.

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15
Q

Which of the cartilaginous joints is found at the end of long bones?

A

Primary.

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16
Q

Which of the cartilaginous joints is immobile?

A

Primary.

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17
Q

Which of the cartilaginous joints has limited mobility? What is it facilitated with?

A

Secondary. It is facilitated by elasticity of the fibrocartilaginous disc.

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18
Q

What is the structure of the primary cartilaginous joints?

A

It is a plate of hyaline cartilage between epiphysis and diaphysis. In the developing long bones in children.

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19
Q

What is the structure of the secondary cartilaginous joint?

A

The articulating bone is covered in thin layer of hyaline cartilage, separated by white fibrocartilage disc. It is strengthened by fibrous ligaments, which do not form complete capsule around the joint.

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20
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

They are freely mobile joints, present mainly in the limbs.

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21
Q

Describe the synovial joint structure.

A

It’s cavity is filed with synovial fluid and is surrounded by a fibrous capsule lined by a synovial membrane that secretes the synovial fluid. The articular surfaces are covered in articular cartilage.

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22
Q

Synovial joints are formed of:

A
  1. Fibrous capsule
  2. Articular cartilage
  3. Joint cavity
  4. Synovial membrane
  5. Synovial fluid
  6. Ligament
  7. Structures inside the synovial joint
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23
Q

Fibrous capsule

A

Surrounds the synovial joint and is lined by synovial membrane. It is supported and strengthened by strong ligaments.

24
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage covers the articular surfaces of the bones.

25
Q

Describe the Articular cartilage characteristics.

A
  1. Smooth and lubricated by synovial fluid.
  2. No blood vessels and nerves.
  3. Nutrition: synovial fluid.
  4. In old age, irregularities show and undulations due to erosions. The eroded areas do not repair.
26
Q

Joint cavity

A

Contains very thin film of synovial fluid.

27
Q

How does a joint cavity become manifest?

A

It becomes manifest if fluid, blood, or pus collect in it.

28
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Thin, moist, and glistening that covers all structures inside the enjoins except articular surfaces. It lines the fibrous capsule and secretes and absorbs synovial fluid.

29
Q

What is Synovial fluid?

A

Pale yellow viscous fluid similar to egg albumin.

30
Q

What type of cells does the synovial fluid contain?

A

It contains free cells such as: synovial cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes.

31
Q

What are the functions of the synovial fluid?

A
  1. It lubricates the articular cartilage and reduces the erosion in it.
  2. Helps nutrition of the articular cartilage.
32
Q

What are the structures inside the synovial joint?

A
  1. Articular fibrocartilaginous disc.
  2. Menisci (semilunar cartilage).
  3. Ligament.
  4. Tendons.
33
Q

What is the function of the articular fibrocartilaginous disc?

A

It divides the joint cavity into two compartments (upper and lower). Eg. Temporomandibular joint.

34
Q

What is the menisci composed of?

A

Two semilunar plates of fibrocartilage present inside the knee joints.

35
Q

What is a ligament?

A

A cruciate ligament inside the knee joint.

36
Q

What is a tendon?

A

A tendon of long head of biceps inside the shoulder joint.

37
Q

What are the factors affecting the stability of a joint?

A
  1. Shape and fitting of articulating surfaces.
  2. Thickness and elasticity of the capsule.
  3. Position and strength of the ligaments.
  4. Strength of muscles surrounding the joint.
38
Q

What are the factors affecting the range of movement?

A
  1. Tension of ligaments surrounding the joints.
  2. Contraction of antagonistic muscles.
  3. Approximation and contact of soft tissue around the joint.
39
Q

What is the nerve supply of a joint?

A

The sensory nerves which supply the joint are called articular nerves.

40
Q

What are articular nerves?

A

They are the sensory nerves that supply the joint.

41
Q

What are the characteristics of articular nerves?

A
  1. They end in fibrous capsule and related ligaments.
  2. They are sensitive to pain, position, and movement of a joint.
42
Q

What is Hilton’s law?

A

The nerve supply to muscle acting on a specific joint gives a branch to supply the joint and another branch to supply the skin covering the same joint.

43
Q

Why does the joint cavity become swollen?

A

It becomes swollen due to the collection of fluid, pus, or blood according to the disease affecting the joint.

44
Q

Why does the articular surface become eroded and rough?

A

It becomes eroded and rough due to osteoarthritis or overweight. Very painful.

45
Q

What is dislocation?

A

It is the separation of bones forming a joint.

46
Q

Flexion

A

Approximation of two ventral aspects (bending).

47
Q

Extension

A

Straightening; the two ventral surfaces move away from each other.

48
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the middle line. Eg. Fingers moving away from the middle finger, toes moving away from the second toe.

49
Q

Adduction

A

Movement towards the middle line. Fingers moving towards the middle finger, toes moving towards the second toe.

50
Q

Circumduction

A

Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

51
Q

Rotation

A

Medial or lateral rotation of the limb around the vertical axis.

52
Q

Gliding

A

No axial movement.

53
Q

Supination

A

The lateral rotation of the forearm.

54
Q

Pronation

A

The medial rotation of the forearm.

55
Q

Inversion

A

The sole of the foot is directed inwards.

56
Q

Eversion

A

The sole of the foot is directed outwards.

57
Q

Opposition

A

The thumb is opposing ( come in contact) the other 4 fingers.

Anatomy (10 decks)

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