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Anatomy > Chapter 3 Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are Bone s?

A

A hard type of connective tissue which forms the skeleton.

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2
Q

What are the functions of a skeleton?

A
  1. Gives the specific shape of the body.
  2. Provides the central axis of the body along with the skeleton of both the upper and lower limbs.
  3. Protects vital organs: skull and brain, thoracic cage/ heart and lungs.
  4. Surface area for muscular attachment.
  5. Transmits and supports body weight: eg vertebral column transmits the weight of the head and trunk to bony pelvis then through the bones of the lower limbs to the feet to lastly the ground.
  6. Forms the joints to make an important part of the locomotor system.
  7. Forms the blood elements in the bone marrow.
  8. Stores calcium salts.
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3
Q

Skeletons are classified according to what?

A
  1. According to position.
  2. According to process of ossification.
  3. According to shape of bones.
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4
Q

Skeletons classified according to position are divided into:

A

Axial Skeleton and Appendicular(peripheral) Skeleton.

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5
Q

The Axial skeleton includes:

A

The skull, mandible, hyoid, sternum, vertebral column, and ribs.

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6
Q

The appendicular (peripheral) skeleton includes:

A

Upper and lower limbs.

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7
Q

What is ossification?

A

Bone formation.

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8
Q

Ossification is divided into two types:

A

Intra-membranous ossification and intra-cartilaginous ossification.

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9
Q

Give an example of an intra-membranous ossification.

A

Clavicle and skull cap.

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10
Q

Give an example of an intra-cartilaginous ossification.

A

Long bones, ribs, vertebrae, and base of skull.

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11
Q

Describe the process of intra-membranous ossification?

A

Bones develop directly from the CT membrane (mesenchyme). Begins at one or more centers of ossification.

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12
Q

Describe the process of intra-cartilaginous ossification.

A

The mesenchyme is changed to a cartilage model, and then the cartilage is dissolved and disappears, in its place is changed into a bone.

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13
Q

The shapes of bones are divided into:

A
  1. Long bones, short bones, flat bones, pneumatic bones (bones containing air), irregular bones, and sesamoid bones.
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14
Q

Where is the site of long bones?

A

Upper and lower limbs.

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15
Q

The structures of the long bones is divided into:

A

Two ends (epiphysis) and a shaft in between (diaphysis).

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16
Q

What is epiphysis?

A

Expanded upper and lower ends of the long bones.

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17
Q

What is epiphysis used for?

A

It is used for articulation and it’s articular surface is covered with a layer of articular hyaline cartilage.

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18
Q

What is diaphysis?

A

It is a tube of compact bone with a central medullary cavity lined with endosteum filled bone marrow(soft vascular tissue).

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19
Q

What is diaphysis covered with?

A

It is covered with fibrous sheath called periosteum.

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20
Q

Where is metaphysis located?

A

It lies in the upper and lower parts of the long bone just beneath the epiphyseal cartilage.

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21
Q

What is the most active part of the long bone?

A

Metaphysis

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22
Q

What is an epiphysis cartilage?

A

In the growing bones, epiphysis and diaphysis are separated by a disc of hyaline cartilage called epiphysis cartilage.

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23
Q

What is the epiphyseal cartilage responsible for?

A

It is responsible for the length growth.

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24
Q

Where is the site of the short bones?

A

In the carpal bones (hand) and tarsal bones (foot).

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25
Q

What is the structure of the short bones?

A

It consists of a spongy bone covered with thin layer of compact bone.

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26
Q

Where is the site of the flat bones?

A

Scapula, ribs, and bones forming in the roof of the skull (skull cap or vault skull).

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27
Q

Describe the structure of the flat bone.

A

Consists of two thin layers of compact bone with a middle layer of spongy bone.

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28
Q

What are the plates compact bone and the layer of spongy bone of the flat bones in the bones of the skull called?

A

The plates of compact bone are called inner and outer tables. The layer of spongy bone in between is called diploe.

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29
Q

What are the functions of the flat bone?

A

Protection and muscular attachment.

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30
Q

What are pneumatic bones?

A

They bones containing air.

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31
Q

Where is the site of pneumatic bones?

A

Skull bones mainly surrounding the nose.

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32
Q

Give examples of skull bones surrounding the nose.

A

Maxillary and frontal bones.

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33
Q

What are air cavities called?

A

Paranasal sinuses.

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34
Q

Describe the structure of pneumatic bones.

A

One air cavity (maxillary sinus) or multiple small air cells (mastoid air cells).

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35
Q

What are the functions of pneumatic bones?

A
  1. Decrease weight of the skull.
  2. Resonance of the voice.
  3. Highly vascular mucosa to warm inspired air.
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36
Q

What is the shape and site of irregular bones?

A

Bones with irregular shape with projecting processes.

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37
Q

Give an example of irregular bones.

A

Vertebrae.

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38
Q

What is the structure of irregular bones?

A

Their structure is similar to short bones’ structure.

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39
Q

What is the structure of sesamoid bones?

A

Small nodules of bone.

40
Q

What is the site of sesamoid bones?

A

It is embedded in some muscle tendons.

41
Q

Give an example of sesamoid bones.

A

Patella ( largest sesamoid bone embedded in tendon of quadriceps femora in front of knee joint.

42
Q

How does the epiphyseal plates of cartilage help in length growth of the bones?

A

By the proliferation of its cells.

43
Q

What is the process of bone growth?

A
  1. The long bones increase in length from the epiphyseal plates of cartilage.
  2. When the bones become mature, the epiphyseal bones stop division and ossifies resulting in bony fusion between epiphysis and diaphysis.
  3. The epiphyseal plate at one end of the shaft of the long bone ossifies earlier that the other end , which continues adding bones to the shaft for another 2 to 3 years before it undergoes ossification as well.
44
Q

What is the end of the shaft that ossifies later than the other end called?

A

The growing end.

45
Q

The fusion of epiphysis and diaphysis is under what control?

A

Hormonal control.

46
Q

The growth of bones occurs earlier in which gender?

A

It occurs earlier in the females than males by 2 years.

47
Q

The long bones increase in width by?

A

By osteoblast present in the inner layer of periosteum.

48
Q

What are the different arteries that supply blood to the bones?

A

1.Nutrient artery
2. Metaphyseal arteries
3. Epiphyseal arteries
4. Periosteal arteries

49
Q

How does the nutrient artery supply the bones?

A

It enters the shaft through an oblique nutrient foramen and runs away from the growing end of the bone, then it divides in the medullary cavity into ascending and descending branches directed towards the upper and lower metaphyses to anastomose with the metaphyseal arteries.

50
Q

How much does the nutrient artery supply the inner thickness of the shaft and bone marrow?

A

2/3

51
Q

How does the metaphyseal arteries supply the bones?

A

They enter through minute foramina to supply the metaphysic. They anastomose with the nutrient artery and epiphyseal arteries after the ossification of the epiphyseal cartilage.

52
Q

How do the epiphyseal arteries supply the bones.

A

They supply the epiphysis and they anastomose with the metaphyseal arteries fete the ossification of the epiphyseal plate of cartilage.

53
Q

How do the periosteal arteries supply the bones?

A

By communications with other arteries.

54
Q

How much do the periosteal arteries supply the shaft?

A

1/3 of the shaft

55
Q

Process

A

An elongated projection with a blunt end.

56
Q

Spine

A

An elongated projection with a pointed tip.

57
Q

Tubercle, tuberosity, and trochanter

A

Localized roughly rounded elevations.

58
Q

The tubercle’s size is

A

The smallest

59
Q

The tuberosity’s size is

A

Medium sized.

60
Q

The trochanter’s size is

A

The biggest.

61
Q

Epicondyle

A

A localized elevation of small size situated above a condole or articular surface.

62
Q

Hamulus

A

A slender curved bony process which resembles a hook.

63
Q

Cornu

A

A slender curved bony process which resembles a horn.

64
Q

Crest

A

An elongated ridge which usually lies on the top of a bone.

65
Q

Ridge

A

A linear elevation.

66
Q

Line

A

A slightly elevated or just rough linear landmark.

67
Q

Condole

A

A knuckle shaped structure.

68
Q

Fossa

A

A depression on a surface.

69
Q

Fovea

A

A small fossa.

70
Q

Notch

A

A depression of limited size, on a surface or a border. It has 2 limited edges.

71
Q

How many limiting edges does the notch have?

A

2

72
Q

Incisors

A

A cut out notch-like depression on a border.

73
Q

Groove or sulcus

A

An elongated depression.

74
Q

Fissure

A

A long cleft between flat bones. Eg skull.

75
Q

Give an example of a fissure.

A

Skull

76
Q

Hiatus

A

A gap or cleft.

77
Q

Foramen

A

A hole through a bone.

78
Q

Aperture

A

A large hole.

79
Q

Canal

A

A track of some length in a bone having opened ends.

80
Q

Meats

A

A bony canal having one closed end.

81
Q

Impression

A

A slight intention or depression.

82
Q

The sex differences in the character of bones between male and female is..

A

Male: heavy and thick.
Female: light and thin.

83
Q

The sex differences in muscle attachment between male and female is..

A

Tubercles, tuberosities, and ridges:
Male: more prominent
Female: less prominent

84
Q

The sex differences in the bony pelvis between male and female is..

A

Female: wide and shorter
To adapt to pregnancy and delivering.

85
Q

What are the properties of cartilages?

A
  1. A rubbery type of connective tissue, tough and resilient.
  2. No blood vessels, nerves, or lymphatics.
  3. Receives nutrition by diffusion from blood vessels of perichondrium.
  4. Consists of mature cartilage cells (chondrocytes), fibers , and matrix.
  5. Resists compression forces and friction.
  6. Has a greater capacity to growth by multiplication of chondroblasts (immature cartilage cells).
86
Q

What are the types of cartilages.

A

Hyaline Cartilage, white fibrocartilage, and yellow elastic fibrocartilage.

87
Q

What does hyaline cartilage mean?

A

Glass-like

88
Q

What are the characteristics of hyaline cartilage?

A

1.most widespread in the human body.
2. Matrix: translucent
3. Cartilage cells: numerous round cells.

89
Q

What are the sites of the hyaline cartilage?

A
  1. In the developing bones of a fetus.
  2. In the epiphyseal plates of long bones.
  3. In the larynx (except epiglottis) and tracheal rings.
  4. Coastal cartilage and xiphoid process ( sternum).
90
Q

Ossification in old age of hyaline cartilage.

A

Occurs in certain sites such as the larynx and the epiphyseal cartilage.

91
Q

What are the characters of the white fibrocartilage?

A
  1. Matrix: opaque because it is rich in collagen bundles.
  2. Cartilage cells: few in number.
92
Q

The white fibrocartilage site are in..

A

Intervertebral discs

93
Q

The white fibrocartilage ossification in old age..

A

Does not occur.

94
Q

Yellow elastic fibrocartilage characteristics.

A
  1. Matrix: yellow in appearance due to richness in yellow elastic fibers.
  2. Cartilage cells: abundant.
95
Q

Yellow elastic fibrocartilage sites.

A

Tip of nose, auricle of the ear, and epiglottis of larynx.

96
Q

Ossification of yellow elastic fibrocartilage..

A

Does not occur.

Anatomy (10 decks)

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