CHAPTER 7 TEST REVIEW SKELETAL SYSTEM- BONE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Question 1

What are the different types of Bones?

Answer 1

2 TYPES OF BONES

1.Compacct bone-
-Dense ,rigid appears white, smooth &solid
-80% bone mass

2. Spongy bone-
   -internal of copact bone
   -appears porous
   - 20% bone mass

Question 2

How many types of Cartilages are there?

Answer 2

There are 2 types of Cartilages

1.Hyaline Cartilage-
-Costal
-Articular
-Epiphyseal plates

2.Fibrocartilage-
-weight bearing & compression
-Menisci knee

Question 3

Ligamnents and tendons diffrenece?

Answer 3

Ligaments
connect bone to bone

Tendons connect
muscle to bone

Question 4

What is the Distribution of Cartilage in juvenile & Adults?

Answer 4

Cartilage in juvenile & Adults

Juvenile -epyphysical plate is bigger and diminishes with age

Question 5

4 different types of bones by shape and examples

Answer 5

4 types of Bones

1. Long Bones- greater length vs width
   EX: Humerus,radius,ulna,phalanges
   metacarpals(ARMS) Femur,Tibia,Fibula metatarsals(legs)
2. Short bones- length equal to width
   EX: carpals, tarsal

3.Flat bones- flat, thin, might be curved
cranial bones, sternum, parietal bone, frontal, scapula, lacrimal, nasal, ribs, vomer

4. irregular bones- elaborate, complex shapes, EX; VERTEBRAE

Question 6

Compact bone macroscomic and gross anatomy?`

Answer 6

Long bone gross anatomy

1. Dyaphysis- supports, cylindrial shaft

2.Medullary(marrow) cavity- Hollow
red bone marrow (kids)
yellow boned marrow(adults)

3. Epiphysis- knobby end of bone
   -proximal Epiphysis- clossest to axis body
   -Distal Epiphysis- further from axis body

4.Metaphysis-wider area transfers weight between diaphysis & epiphysis

5. Epiphyseal Plate- in metaphysis, growth plate, has hyaline cartilage

Question 7

Epiphyseal Line?

Answer 7

is the remainder of the epiphyseal Plate in adults once it disapears in children.

Question 8

Bone microscopic Anatomy

Answer 8

4 types of cells in Bone connective tissue

1. Ostetoprogenitor Cells

2.Osteoblasts- secrete osteoid

3.Osteocytes- mature bone cells

4.Osteoclasts-Multinuclear, phagocytic cells, adjecent to deprssion/pit

Question 9

Red bone Marrow?

Answer 9

Red bone marrow in children & Adults

CHILDREN
-in spongy bone & medullary cavity of long bones

ADULTS
-ONLY in selected areas of axial skeleton
-skull vertebrae , ribs, sternum, ossa coxae, proximal epiphysis of humerus and femur

Question 10

4 types of cells in BONE?

Answer 10

4 TYPES OF CELLS IN BONES
1. Osteoblasts- form from osteoprogenitor stem cells

2.Osteocytes- mature bone cells fro from osteoblasts

3.Osteoclasts- marrow(monocytes)

4.osteoprogenitor

Question 11

Osteoclasts function and structure?

Answer 11

Osteocytes

STRUCTURE
-multinuclear
-phagocytic cells
- adjacent to depression pit

FUNCTION
-involved in bone resorption( break down)

Question 12

Hyaline Cartilage microscopic anatomy?

Answer 12

Hyaline Cartilage Contain

-NO CALCIUM
-proteglycans
-NO NERVES
-NO BLOOD VESSELS(AVASCULAR)
-flexible
- HIGH WATER% 60-70

Question 13

Bone VS Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 13

BONE CT VS HYALINE CARTILAGE CT

BONES MATRIX - —- HYALINE CARTIL.MATTRIX
-osteoblasts —– -chondroblast
-Mature cells ——— - mature cell
osteocytes ——- — chondrocytes

Calcium in matrix ——– CALCIUM IN MATRIX
-YES —————— —— -NO

BONE SUPPLY BONE SUPPLY
-extensive ———- ————– -AVASCULAR

          BOTH MATURE CELLS IN 
                  LACUNAE

Question 14

Intramembranous Ossification steps?

Answer 14

Intramembranous Ossification(bonegrowth)
-bone growth in membrane 4 STEPS

1. Begin at 8 week development (ossification centers)

2.Osteoid undergoes calcification
osteoids crystalize

3.periosteum and woven bone(primary bone) form
formed by mesenchyme

4.Lamellar bone replaces primary bone (woven bone)

Question 15

5 STEPS OF BONE GROWTH?

Answer 15

5 STEPS OF EPIPHYSEAL PLATE(BONE GROWTH)

1.ZONE OF RESTING CARTILAGE

2.ZONE OF PROLIFERATING CARTILAGE

3.ZONE OF HYPERTROPHIC CARTILAGE\

4. ZONE OF CALCIFIED CARTILAGE

5.ZONE OF OSSIFICATION

Question 16

Effect of growth hormone?

Answer 16

Growth Hormone Effects

-stimulates liver to produce(IGF)
Insuline Growth Factor

• stimulate cartilage growth in epiphyseal plate

Question 17

Thyroid Effects?

Answer 17

Thyroid Hormone
- influence metabolic rate of bone cells
-regulates activity in epiphyseal plates

Question 18

Sex Hormones Effects?

Answer 18

Sex Hormones Effects
- Estrogen & testosterone
-in puberty increases rate of cartilage growth

Question 19

Glucocorticoids affects?

Answer 19

Glucocorticoids Effects
- regulate glucose levels
-high amounts bone loss
-impairs growth in children at epiphyseal plate( glucocorticoids asthma)

Question 20

Serotonin Effects?

Answer 20

Serotonin Effects
- role to regulate rate of bone remodeling
- high levels osteoprogenitor cells prevent differentiatinginto osteoblasts
- linked to bone density disorders

Question 21

How Calcitriol is produced in cell?

Answer 21

CALCITROL PRODUCTION
1. UV light converts 7 dehydrocholesterol to Vit D3

2.vit d3 regulates in body
enzymes create calcidiol

3. Calcidiol circulates in blood
   kidney enzymes convert calcidiol to calcitriol
   pyrothyroid increases rate to produce more calcitriol

Question 22

How do Calcitriol & Parathyroid Hormone interact to maintain calcium balance?

Answer 22

Calcitriol and parathyroid hormone
interact with 3 Major organs

1. BONE- work together ; increase calcium release

2.KIDNEY- work together to excrete less calcium in urine

3.SMALL INTESTINE-ONLY CALCIROL increases absorption of calcium in small intestine in blood.