Chapter 7 Summary questions

Question 1

What is a non-communicable disease?

Answer 1

non-infectious disease that cannot be passed from one individual to another

Question 2

Define what is ment by lifestyle factor and give four examples

Answer 2

something you choose to do in life that may increase or lower your risk of developing certain non-communicable diseases, or have no effect at all
any three from:
  taking regular exercise
 drinking heavily
 smoking
 overeating

Question 3

Explain what is meant by correlation between a life-style factor and a non-communicable disease?

Answer 3

correlation is when data shows similar pattern between lifestyle factor and incidence of non-communicable disease so it appears that one is linked to the other

Question 4

Explain what is meant by a casual link between a life-style factor and a particular disease?

Answer 4

causal link is when scientists have evidence of how lifestyle factor affects body and causes particular communicable disease or increases risk of it occurring

Question 5

What will look different in a diagram of lung tissue of a smoker and non-smoker?

Answer 5

as it is normal lung tissue with lots of small alveoli visible
in (b) alveoli have broken down (much bigger alveoli), common in smokers.
See text page 110

Question 6

What are the main symptoms of COPD(Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)?

Answer 6

severe breathlessness

eventual death

Question 7

Explain how smoking can cause COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and the reasons for the symptoms?

Answer 7

tar in cigarette smoke affects delicate alveoli
causing breakdown of alveolar structure and development of big spaces and scarring this reduces alveolar surface area,
so less gas exchange takes place.
inefficient gas exchange means individual is short of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels build up in the blood causing breathlessness.

Question 8

The risk of having a number of diseases like COPD increases with the number of cigarettes smoked a day and the length of time someone has been a smoker.

Name other smoking related diseases?

Answer 8

 bronchitis
 lung cancer
 other cancers of breathing system

Question 9

The risk of having a number of diseases like COPD increases with the number of cigarettes smoked a day and the length of time someone has been a smoker.

Explain how both the number of cigarettes smoked and the time someone has been a smoker affects their risk of developing a smoking-related disease.

Answer 9

the more cigarettes smoked, the higher the concentration of damaging chemicals in body cells and the higher the risk of developing a smoking-related disease
the longer a person smokes, the longer body cells are exposed to chemicals in cigarette smoke
and the higher the risk that cells will be damaged and disease will result

Question 10

What two body organs are most affected by a large amount of alcohol over a long period of time?

Answer 10

liver

brain

Question 11

Explain why it isn’t safe for someone to drive when they have been drinking alcohol?

Answer 11

alcohol affects nervous system slowing thought processes and reaction times
safe driving depends on quick judgement and fast reactions to situations, so drinking alcohol makes you less safe
higher amounts of alcohol affect judgement and lead to lack of self-control, which makes driving even more dangerous

Question 12

Alcohol is closely linked to violence and crime. Suggest why alcohol has this affect?

Answer 12

alcohol affects judgement and self-control
drunk people more sensitive to threats or insults
also more likely to lose control of temper and hit out due to reduced inhibitions

Question 13

Pregnant women are advised not to drink alcohol, even though scientists do not have clear evidence of exactly what level of alcohol consumption is safe for the unborn baby. Discuss why this is sensible advice?

Answer 13

scientists know that alcohol crosses placenta and reaches fetus
and that developing liver cannot process alcohol effectively
high levels of alcohol can cause damage to developing brain and body of fetus especially in early pregnancy
scientists do not know what level of alcohol consumption is safe in pregnancy (too dangerous to test this)
so it is sensible not to drink at all so as not to put fetus at any risk

Question 14

Why is obesity in men, women and children generally increasing from 1996 until 2005

Answer 14

increased availability of food
increased relative wealth
increased availability of relatively cheap, high-calorie convenience/junk foods
falling rates of exercise as jobs change and computers become increasingly significant in leisure time