Chapter 7 - States of Consciousness

Question 1

biological rhythms

Answer 1

periodic physiological fluctuations

Question 2

circadian rhythm

Answer 2

The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hour cycle

Question 3

REM sleep

Answer 3

rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

Question 4

alpha waves

Answer 4

The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, Awake state

Question 5

sleep

Answer 5

periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness – as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, General anesthesia or hibernation

Question 6

hallucinations

Answer 6

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

Question 7

delta waves

Answer 7

The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

Question 8

insomnia

Answer 8

recurring problems in falling or staying sleep

Question 9

narcolepsy

Answer 9

sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

Question 10

sleep apnea

Answer 10

The sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessation of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

Question 11

night terrors

Answer 11

sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

Question 12

dream

Answer 12

sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through sleeping persons mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamers delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it

Question 13

manifest content

Answer 13

according to Freud, the remembered storyline of the dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)

Question 14

latent content

Answer 14

according to Freud, underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Freud believed that a dreams latent content functions as a safety valve

Question 15

REM rebound

Answer 15

The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

Question 16

hypnosis

Answer 16

social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggest to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Question 17

posthypnotic suggestion

Answer 17

suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

Question 18

dissociation

Answer 18

split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

Question 19

psychoactive drug

Answer 19

Chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood

Question 20

tolerance

Answer 20

The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drugs effect

Question 21

withdrawal

Answer 21

The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

Question 22

physical dependence

Answer 22

physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued

Question 23

psychological dependence

Answer 23

psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions

Question 24

addiction

Answer 24

compulsive drug craving and use

Question 25

depressants

Answer 25

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

Question 26

barbiturates

Answer 26

drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

Question 27

opiates

Answer 27

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Question 28

stimulants

Answer 28

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine and ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

Question 29

amphetamines

Answer 29

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

Question 30

methamphetamine

Answer 30

A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; overtime, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

Question 31

Ecstasy (mdma)

Answer 31

synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and long-term harm to serotonin producing neurons and to mood and cognition

Question 32

hallucinogens

Answer 32

psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

Question 33

LSD

Answer 33

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)

Question 34

THC

Answer 34

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

Question 35

near-death experience

Answer 35

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

Question 36

consciousness

Answer 36

our awareness of ourselves and our environment