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Network+ > Chapter 7: Routing > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Routing Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when routing begins ?

A

Packets are received and stripped of layer 2 info to queue resulting IP packet

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2
Q

Routing table

A

Tells the router where to send the packets

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3
Q

Are there one to one correlations kf routes to ports ?

A

No

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4
Q

What do routers often know ?

A

More than one route to get packets to its destination

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5
Q

Directed broadcast

A

Broadcasting to the other computers on the same network ID

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6
Q

Limited broadcast

A

Will reach every node on the local network

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7
Q

Network address translation (NAT)

A

Hide the IP address or computers on the LAN, but enable communication with the broader internet

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8
Q

Is NAT a feature or is it routing ?

A

A feature in addition to the core capability of routing, but a separate technology

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9
Q

3 steps to setting up a TCP/IP and routing network

A

Get a pool of IP addresses
Assign addresses to computers and LAN on router
Assign ISPs IP address to WAN on router

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10
Q

What does NAT do with source IP addresses ?

A

Replace it with the source IP address of the outside router interface on outgoing packets

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11
Q

Most common form of NAT that handles one-to-many communication ?

A

Port address translation

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12
Q

Port address translation (PAT)

A

Uses port numbers to map traffic from specific machines in the network

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13
Q

What does a router record when initiating a session with an outside computer ?

A

Source and destination addresses
Port numbers

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14
Q

Mapping internal and translated IP addresses and port numbers enable what ?

A

Perfect tracking of packets going out and in

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15
Q

Dynamic NAT (pooled NAT)

A

Many computers can share a pool of routable IP addresses that number fewer than the computers

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16
Q

Does PAT work for incoming communication ?

A

No

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17
Q

Static NAT

A

Maps a single routable IP address to a single machine (not private IP adress)

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18
Q

What does static NAT apply permanently ?

A

IP address on one-to-one basis with a computer on the network

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19
Q

Port forwarding

A

Designated a specific local address for various network services

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20
Q

Dynamic routing

A

Update routes to accommodate conditions

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21
Q

Distance that routers can still talk

A

Two hops or more away

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22
Q

3 distinct routing protocols

A

Distance vector
Link state
Hybrid

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23
Q

Hop count

A

Number of routers a packet will go through on its way to its destination

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24
Q

Delay

A

Issues that occur to slow down network connection between routers

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25
Q

Cost

A

Desirability of that particular route
(Lower bandwidth, higher cost)

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26
Q

Is a one hop route always a metric of 1?

A

No, metrics also reflect the speed

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27
Q

Distance vector

A

Routing protocols that transfer the entire routing table to other routers on the WAN to choose the route with the lowest metric

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28
Q

What do routers with distance vector protocols do at a defined time interval ?

A

Send out updated routing tables to each other

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29
Q

What happens after finding multiple routes ?

A

Delete all routes, but the route with the lowest metric

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30
Q

Convergence

A

The updating of routing tables of all routers has been completed

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31
Q

RIPv1

A

Earliest distance vector routing protocol

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32
Q

What were RIPv1 capabilities and cons ?

A

Max of 15 hop count
No VLSM or authentication
Update every 30 sec (network overload)

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33
Q

RIPv2

A

Supports VLSM, authentication, broadcast to multicast, and from 30 sec to 90 sec

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34
Q

What was RIPv2’s usage ?

A

Two or four routers, easy configuration, and slower convergence

35
Q

Autonomous System (AS)

A

One or more networks that share a unified “policy” regarding how they exchange traffic with other AS

36
Q

Autonomous Systems Number (ASN)

A

32 bits displayed as two 16-bit separated by a dot

37
Q

Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP)

A

AS needs to communicate with routers in another AS

38
Q

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

A

Single protocol the internet uses for AS-to-AS communication, glue of the internet

39
Q

Current version BGP ?

A

BGP-4

40
Q

Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP)

A

Networks within an AS communicate

41
Q

How is BGP also referred as ?

A

Hybrid routing protocol

42
Q

Edge routers

A

AS-to-AS routers

43
Q

What can BGP do ?

A

Ignore unreliable routes
Limits which and how routers access an ISP
Route aggregation

44
Q

Route aggregation

A

Tracking the shortest common Network ID of all the routes managed by each AS

45
Q

Link state

A

Announce and forward individual route changes

46
Q

What are the two link state routing protocols ?

A

OSPF and IS-IS

47
Q

Open shortest fastest path (OSPF)

A

Most commonly used IGP developed for IP networks based on the shortest path first

48
Q

What are OSPF improvements ?

A

Sending Hello packets
Forming a neighborship with adjacent routers
Exchanging info about routers and networks through LSA

49
Q

Link state advertisement (LSA)

A

Packets sourced by each router that are flooded from router to router through each OSPF area

50
Q

What does OSPF do with stored LSA’s ?

A

Recompute a new route if needed

51
Q

Could a packet go through more routers using OSPF ?

A

Yes

52
Q

Areas

A

Administrative grouping of interconnected routers

53
Q

What do areas help with ?

A

Control how routers reroute traffic if a link drops

54
Q

What happens when you interconnect multiple areas ?

A

You get a central area (backbone) where all traffic goes through
Assigned an Area ID (0 or 0.0.0.0)

55
Q

Why is OSPF popular ?

A

Scales to large networks
Supported by all but most basic routers
Authentication
Prevents loops

56
Q

Which OSPF and IP versions correspond ?

A

OSPF 2 = IPv4
OSPF 3 = IPv6

57
Q

IS-IS

A

Alternative to OSPF, supports IPv6, standard for ISP

58
Q

Enhanced Interior Gateway Protocol (EIGP)

A

Cisco’s routing protocol with aspects from both distance vector and link state

59
Q

Route redistribution

A

Routers can speak multiple routing protocols simultaneously

60
Q

Administrative Distance/Route Preference

A

Determine which route is the most reliable

61
Q

Rollover or Yost cable

A

Special serial connection

62
Q

Should a router plug into an existing network ?

A

Never, always configure it first

63
Q

Network management software (NMS)

A

Advanced tools that describe, visualize, and configure their entire network

64
Q

How do network administrators give themselves an overlook of the network ?

A

Multiple NMS

65
Q

Can you set up the WAN connection on the router using DHCP ?

A

Yes it is common for home routers

66
Q

Setting up LAN IP address

A

Decide on a network ID and assign correct IP information to LAN-side NIC

67
Q

Establishing routes

A

Information provided to build a routing table

68
Q

Configure dynamic protocol

A

Dynamic routing protocols are tied to the interface, not the router.
Interfaces should share the same dynamic routing protocol

69
Q

Document and back up

A

Document what you’ve done and back up configurations

70
Q

Missing routes

A

Forgot to add them or a convergence problem in the dynamic routing protocol

71
Q

Maximum transmission units (MTU)

A

Maximum size of a single protocol data unit (PDU)

72
Q

What do network components do when the MTU threshold is passed ?

A

Packets or frames are fragmented

73
Q

Fragmentation

A

Increases the number of packets or frames after splitting them

74
Q

Path MTU

A

The largest packet size transmissible without fragmentation through all the hops in a route

75
Q

Path MTU Discovery

A

Devices can use this to determine the path MTU

76
Q

Traceroute

A

Records the routes between any two hosts on a network

77
Q

What is the Windows CMD for traceroute ?

A

Tracert

78
Q

Why is traceroute handy ?

A

Gives an idea of where to look for the problem and where to not look

79
Q

My Traceroute (mtr)

A

Linux tool that continually updates route selected

80
Q

Alternate mtr for Windows ?

A

Pathping

81
Q

Pathping

A

Summarize the results of computed performance over a set time

82
Q

How else can you connect to a router for configuring without using SSH ?

A

Connect directly using a rollover/console cable

83
Q

What happens after a packets TTL ends ?

A

The final router discards the packet and sends an ICMP message to the original sender

84
Q

Change the number of hops for traceroute ?

A

Tracert -h #

Network+ (8 decks)

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