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Network+ > Chapter 7: Routing > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Routing Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when routing begins ?

A

Packets are received and stripped of layer 2 info to queue resulting IP packet

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2
Q

Routing table

A

Tells the router where to send the packets

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3
Q

Are there one to one correlations kf routes to ports ?

A

No

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4
Q

What do routers often know ?

A

More than one route to get packets to its destination

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5
Q

Directed broadcast

A

Broadcasting to the other computers on the same network ID

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6
Q

Limited broadcast

A

Will reach every node on the local network

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7
Q

Network address translation (NAT)

A

Hide the IP address or computers on the LAN, but enable communication with the broader internet

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8
Q

Is NAT a feature or is it routing ?

A

A feature in addition to the core capability of routing, but a separate technology

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9
Q

3 steps to setting up a TCP/IP and routing network

A

Get a pool of IP addresses
Assign addresses to computers and LAN on router
Assign ISPs IP address to WAN on router

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10
Q

What does NAT do with source IP addresses ?

A

Replace it with the source IP address of the outside router interface on outgoing packets

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11
Q

Most common form of NAT that handles one-to-many communication ?

A

Port address translation

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12
Q

Port address translation (PAT)

A

Uses port numbers to map traffic from specific machines in the network

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13
Q

What does a router record when initiating a session with an outside computer ?

A

Source and destination addresses
Port numbers

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14
Q

Mapping internal and translated IP addresses and port numbers enable what ?

A

Perfect tracking of packets going out and in

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15
Q

Dynamic NAT (pooled NAT)

A

Many computers can share a pool of routable IP addresses that number fewer than the computers

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16
Q

Does PAT work for incoming communication ?

A

No

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17
Q

Static NAT

A

Maps a single routable IP address to a single machine (not private IP adress)

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18
Q

What does static NAT apply permanently ?

A

IP address on one-to-one basis with a computer on the network

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19
Q

Port forwarding

A

Designated a specific local address for various network services

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20
Q

Dynamic routing

A

Update routes to accommodate conditions

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21
Q

Distance that routers can still talk

A

Two hops or more away

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22
Q

3 distinct routing protocols

A

Distance vector
Link state
Hybrid

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23
Q

Hop count

A

Number of routers a packet will go through on its way to its destination

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24
Q

Delay

A

Issues that occur to slow down network connection between routers

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25
Cost
Desirability of that particular route (Lower bandwidth, higher cost)
26
Is a one hop route always a metric of 1?
No, metrics also reflect the speed
27
Distance vector
Routing protocols that transfer the entire routing table to other routers on the WAN to choose the route with the lowest metric
28
What do routers with distance vector protocols do at a defined time interval ?
Send out updated routing tables to each other
29
What happens after finding multiple routes ?
Delete all routes, but the route with the lowest metric
30
Convergence
The updating of routing tables of all routers has been completed
31
RIPv1
Earliest distance vector routing protocol
32
What were RIPv1 capabilities and cons ?
Max of 15 hop count No VLSM or authentication Update every 30 sec (network overload)
33
RIPv2
Supports VLSM, authentication, broadcast to multicast, and from 30 sec to 90 sec
34
What was RIPv2's usage ?
Two or four routers, easy configuration, and slower convergence
35
Autonomous System (AS)
One or more networks that share a unified "policy" regarding how they exchange traffic with other AS
36
Autonomous Systems Number (ASN)
32 bits displayed as two 16-bit separated by a dot
37
Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP)
AS needs to communicate with routers in another AS
38
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Single protocol the internet uses for AS-to-AS communication, glue of the internet
39
Current version BGP ?
BGP-4
40
Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP)
Networks within an AS communicate
41
How is BGP also referred as ?
Hybrid routing protocol
42
Edge routers
AS-to-AS routers
43
What can BGP do ?
Ignore unreliable routes Limits which and how routers access an ISP Route aggregation
44
Route aggregation
Tracking the shortest common Network ID of all the routes managed by each AS
45
Link state
Announce and forward individual route changes
46
What are the two link state routing protocols ?
OSPF and IS-IS
47
Open shortest fastest path (OSPF)
Most commonly used IGP developed for IP networks based on the shortest path first
48
What are OSPF improvements ?
Sending Hello packets Forming a neighborship with adjacent routers Exchanging info about routers and networks through LSA
49
Link state advertisement (LSA)
Packets sourced by each router that are flooded from router to router through each OSPF area
50
What does OSPF do with stored LSA's ?
Recompute a new route if needed
51
Could a packet go through more routers using OSPF ?
Yes
52
Areas
Administrative grouping of interconnected routers
53
What do areas help with ?
Control how routers reroute traffic if a link drops
54
What happens when you interconnect multiple areas ?
You get a central area (backbone) where all traffic goes through Assigned an Area ID (0 or 0.0.0.0)
55
Why is OSPF popular ?
Scales to large networks Supported by all but most basic routers Authentication Prevents loops
56
Which OSPF and IP versions correspond ?
OSPF 2 = IPv4 OSPF 3 = IPv6
57
IS-IS
Alternative to OSPF, supports IPv6, standard for ISP
58
Enhanced Interior Gateway Protocol (EIGP)
Cisco's routing protocol with aspects from both distance vector and link state
59
Route redistribution
Routers can speak multiple routing protocols simultaneously
60
Administrative Distance/Route Preference
Determine which route is the most reliable
61
Rollover or Yost cable
Special serial connection
62
Should a router plug into an existing network ?
Never, always configure it first
63
Network management software (NMS)
Advanced tools that describe, visualize, and configure their entire network
64
How do network administrators give themselves an overlook of the network ?
Multiple NMS
65
Can you set up the WAN connection on the router using DHCP ?
Yes it is common for home routers
66
Setting up LAN IP address
Decide on a network ID and assign correct IP information to LAN-side NIC
67
Establishing routes
Information provided to build a routing table
68
Configure dynamic protocol
Dynamic routing protocols are tied to the interface, not the router. Interfaces should share the same dynamic routing protocol
69
Document and back up
Document what you've done and back up configurations
70
Missing routes
Forgot to add them or a convergence problem in the dynamic routing protocol
71
Maximum transmission units (MTU)
Maximum size of a single protocol data unit (PDU)
72
What do network components do when the MTU threshold is passed ?
Packets or frames are fragmented
73
Fragmentation
Increases the number of packets or frames after splitting them
74
Path MTU
The largest packet size transmissible without fragmentation through all the hops in a route
75
Path MTU Discovery
Devices can use this to determine the path MTU
76
Traceroute
Records the routes between any two hosts on a network
77
What is the Windows CMD for traceroute ?
Tracert
78
Why is traceroute handy ?
Gives an idea of where to look for the problem and where to not look
79
My Traceroute (mtr)
Linux tool that continually updates route selected
80
Alternate mtr for Windows ?
Pathping
81
Pathping
Summarize the results of computed performance over a set time
82
How else can you connect to a router for configuring without using SSH ?
Connect directly using a rollover/console cable
83
What happens after a packets TTL ends ?
The final router discards the packet and sends an ICMP message to the original sender
84
Change the number of hops for traceroute ?
Tracert -h #

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