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Network+ > Chapter 6: TCP/IP Basics > Flashcards

Chapter 6: TCP/IP Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Internet Protocol (IP)

A

Layer 3 protocol responsible for logical addressing and routing packets across networks

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2
Q

Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4)

A

32 bit value written as four sets of numbers between 0 and 255 separated by a period

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3
Q

What is the first version of internet protocol (IP)

A

IPv4

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4
Q

Can an IP address be all 0’s and 255’s ?

A

No

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5
Q

Internet control message protocol (ICMP)

A

Protocol is used to handle many low-level functions such as error or informational reporting

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6
Q

Does ICMP need direct user action ?

A

No automated by software

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7
Q

Which utility directly uses ICMP ?

A

Ping

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8
Q

How many different fields does the IPv4 packet have ?

A

14

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9
Q

Version field (IP)

A

Defines the IP address type

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10
Q

Total length

A

Total size of IP packet in octets

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11
Q

Time to live (TTL)

A

Prevents an IP packet from indefinitely spinning through the Internet

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12
Q

What is the protocol field for IP usually ?

A

TCP or UDP

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13
Q

Who decides which protocol to use ?

A

The people who develop the application

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14
Q

TCP three-way handshake

A

Requires both the sending and receiving machines to ACK the other’s presence and readiness to send and receive data.

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15
Q

What happens if a segment goes missing ?

A

The receiving system initiates a request for the missing segments

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16
Q

What is the port number range

A

1 to 65,535

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17
Q

How are port numbers used by systems ?

A

Determine what application needs the received data

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18
Q

Which ports do web servers use ?

A

80(HTTP) or 443(HTTPS)

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19
Q

Sequence number and acknowledgment number

A

Keep track of various pieces of data

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20
Q

Flags

A

Give detailed information about the state of the connection

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21
Q

Checksum

A

Check the TCP header for errors

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22
Q

When does UDP work best ?

A

When you have a lot of data that doesn’t need to be perfect or when systems are close to each other

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23
Q

Which protocol is faster ? TCP or UDP ?

A

UDP

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24
Q

Which important networking protocols use UDP ?

A

Domain name system (DNS)

Dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP)

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25
Q

Do UDP datagrams get chopped up ?

A

No they just get headers

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26
Q

What could the type field from the Ethernet header indicate ?

A

The size of the payload in octets or the protocol

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27
Q

How does a computer get another computers MAC address ?

A

Send a special query called an ARP request (address resolution protocol)

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28
Q

CMD for Windows systems current ARP cache

A

arp -a

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29
Q

CMD for deleting an entry in the ARP table

A

arp -d (ip address)

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30
Q

Are IP addresses a fixed part of the NIC ?

A

No

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31
Q

What are three benefits of IP addresses ?

A

Not a fixed part of the NIC

Group together sets of computers into logical networks

Computer communication across all of LANs that make up a WAN

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32
Q

Dotted decimal notation

A

Shorthand method for discussing and configuring binary IP addresses using a 10 base numbering system

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33
Q

Must every IP address be unique ?

A

Yes

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34
Q

Which CMD to display the IP and MAC addresses ?

A

ipconfig /all

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35
Q

What is the CMD for macOS to display IP and MAC addresses ?

A

ifconfig

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36
Q

What three things must an IP numbering system do to support WANs and LANs ?

A

Have a network ID, interconnect LANs using routers, and use a subnet mask

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37
Q

Network ID

A

Numbers used in IP addresses to identify the network portion

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38
Q

Host ID

A

Portion of an IP address that defines a specific machine in a subnet

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39
Q

Can an individual system have a host ID of 0 ?

A

No they are reserved for Network IDs

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40
Q

How does a TCP/IP LAN connect to another ?

A

Router connections

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41
Q

Do routers need an IP address on every LAN it interconnects?

A

Yes

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42
Q

What is the router’s interface on the LAN and the router itself also called ?

A

Default gateway

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43
Q

What do routers use to determine network traffic?

A

Network IDs

44
Q

Routing table

A

Instructions that tell the router what to do with the incoming packets and where to send them

45
Q

Could you change your Network ID?

A

Only if there is no other LAN on the WAN that shares the same network ID

46
Q

What does the host ID 255 indicate?

A

A broadcast address

47
Q

Where does a computer send the packet when it’s sending to a faraway network ?

A

Default gateway

48
Q

Subnet mask

A

Value used in TCP/IP settings to divide the IP address of a host into its component parts: network ID and host ID

49
Q

Which part of the subnet mask aligns with the network ID ?

A

The ones

50
Q

What does a computer compare before sending out any data ?

A

Network IDs

51
Q

What if the network ID does not match the destinations network ID ?

A

It’s a long distance, outside the local LAN

52
Q

If the IP address is not local, why does a computer send out an ARP broadcast ?

A

To learn the MAC address for the default gateway

53
Q

CIDR notation

A

A character followed by a number equal to the number of ones in the subnet mask

54
Q

What does the example tell you ? Ex: 192.168.12.3/24. What’s the subnet mask ?

A

Tells the IP address and the subnet mask

255.255.255.0

55
Q

Do all computers on the same network have the same subnet mask and netwrok ID ?

A

By definition

56
Q

Internet assigned numbers authority (IANA)

A

Formed to track and disperse IP addresses to those who need them

57
Q

What does IANA oversee ?

A

Five regional internet registries (RIR)

58
Q

What is the name of the American RIR ?

A

American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN)

59
Q

Network blocks

A

Ranges of IP addresses that are assigned to organizations and end users by IANA

60
Q

Clasful

A

Describes the traditional class blocks

61
Q

Internet corporation for assigned names and numbers (ICANN)

A

Manages IANA, but more focused on the policy

62
Q

Class A, Class B, Class C

A

First octect defines network ID, two octets define network ID, three octets define network ID

63
Q

Multicast class blocks

A

Used for one-to-many communication

64
Q

Broadcast

A

Every computer on the LAN hears the message

65
Q

Anycast

A

Multiple computers share a single address and routers’ direct message to closest computer

66
Q

Multicast

A

A single computer sends a message to a group of interested computers

67
Q

What do routers use to talk to each other ?

A

Multicast

68
Q

Classless inter-domain routing (CIDR)

A

New method of generating blocks of IP addresses

69
Q

Subnetting

A

Taking a single class of IP addresses and chopping it up into multiple smaller groups (subnets)

70
Q

What does subnetting provide ?

A

Separate a network for security and for bandwidth control

71
Q

What two things are important to remember about subnetting ?

A

Start with the given subnet and move it to the right until you have the subnets you need

Always convert to binary

72
Q

What’s the formula for calculating the number of hosts ?

A

2^x-2

x=number of zeros in the subnet mask

73
Q

Formula for determining how many subnets are created

A

2^y

y=number of bits added to the subnet mask

74
Q

Two goals for subnetting ?

A

Efficiency and making multiple networks from a single network ID

75
Q

What is CIDR also referred to ?

A

Classless address

76
Q

Variable-length subnet masking (VLSM)

A

Taking a single network ID and handing out custom subnets

77
Q

Static addressing

A

Typing in all IP information manually (IP address, subnet mask, default gateway)

78
Q

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

A

Automatically assigns IP information when connecting to network

79
Q

What happens to static addressing if a system reboots ?

A

The IP address is lost and is not permanent

80
Q

What’s static addressing used for ?

A

More-critical systems

81
Q

Why is static addressing tedious ?

A

Hard to make changes to the network

82
Q

What does a network using DHCP consist of ?

A

DHCP client and DHCP server

83
Q

Where are DHCP servers ?

A

Built into the router or on a rack for enterprise use

84
Q

What is in the DHCP Offer message ?

A

IP information (IP address, default gateway, subnet mask, and more)

85
Q

What happens during a DHCP ACK ?

A

Clients MAC address and IP information are listed in a database

86
Q

DHCP request

A

Message from the client to the server accepting the offer from this DHCP server only

87
Q

Another name for the DHCP four-way handshake ?

A

DORA

88
Q

Are DHCP clients preconfigured by default ?

A

Yes

89
Q

What three things does a DHCP server require ?

A

Pool of legitimate IP addresses, know the default gateway IP address, know the subnet mask

90
Q

DHCP scope

A

Range of IP addresses

91
Q

DHCP relay

A

Enables routers to accept DHCP broadcasts from clients and use UDP forwarding to send it directly to the server

92
Q

Should there be multiple DHCP server on a small LAN ?

A

No just one

93
Q

What does the DHCP relay capable device need to work ?

A

The real IP address of the DHCP server

94
Q

IP exclusion range

A

Reduce the size of the pool of the assignable addresses to avoid that range

95
Q

MAC reservations

A

Give the same IP information to the same host each time

96
Q

What does a zero configuration networking or automatic private IP addressing mean ?

A

No response from a DHCP Discover message

97
Q

Windows command to reestablish the lease ?

A

Ipconfig /renew

98
Q

Windows command to release lease

A

Ipconfig /release

99
Q

What can’t APIPA do ?

A

Issue a default gateway

100
Q

DHCP Failover

A

Only two DHCP servers work together to provide DHCP to the network (primary and secondary DHCP servers)

101
Q

Rogue DHCP servers

A

Passing out incorrect IP information to clients

102
Q

Private IP addresses ranges

A

10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0-172.16.255.255
192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255

103
Q

Loopback address

A

Sending packets to itself

104
Q

Can private IP addresses ever be used on the internet ?

A

Never

105
Q

Port # DHCP server & client

A

67 & 68

Network+ (8 decks)

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