Chapter 7 - Proteins Flashcards
part of the amino acid that determines the structure, function, and name of the amino acid
side chain
amino acids that the human body can synthesize in sufficient amounts
11 nonessential amino acid
amino acids that the human body cannot synthesize in sufficient amounts and must be included in the diet
9 essential amino acids
transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to a carbon skeleton to form a new amino acid
transamination
removal of an amino group from an amino acid
deamination
essential amino acid in the lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs
limiting amino acid
two food protein sources that make up for each other’s inadequate supply of specific essential amino acids
complementary proteins
chemical bond formed between amino acids in a protein
peptide bond
process of forming mRNA from a portion of DNA
DNA transcription
synthesis of polypeptide chains at the ribosome according to information contained in strands of mRNA
mRNA translation
alteration of a proteins 3-dimensional structure, usually because of treatment by heat, enzymes, acidic or alkaline solutions, or agitation
denaturation
measure of how efficiently food protein, once absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, can be turned into body tissues
biological value (BV)
measure of protein quality in food, determined by the ability to support the growth of a young animal
protein efficiency ratio (PER)
when protein intake is less than what is lost
negative protein/nitrogen balance
when protein intake is greater than losses
positive protein balance
situations when positive nitrogen balance occur
growth, pregnancy, recovery after illness/injury, athletic training
situations when negative nitrogen balance occur
fevers, burns, and infections, bed rest
% of energy coming from protein
10-35%
protein digesting enzyme produced by the stomach
pepsin
hormone that stimulates HCl and pepsinogen secretion by the stomach
gastrin
functions of protein
producing vital body structures, maintaining fluid balance, contributing to acid-base balance, forming hormones, enzymes, and neurotransmitters, and contribute to immune function
disease marked by severe protein malnutrition that causes swelling in the extremities and an enlarged liver
kwashiorkor
buildup of excess fluid in extracellular spaces
edema
condition resulting from insufficient amounts of energy and protein, which eventually results in body wasting and increased susceptibility to infections
protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)
condition that results from a severe deficit of energy and protein, which causes extreme loss of fat stores, muscle mass, and body weight
marasmus (to waste away)
only eating plant foods
vegans
diet excluding meat, poultry, eggs, and fish BUT include dairy products
lacto-vegetarians
diet including eggs, but excluding meat, poultry, and fish
lacto-ovo-vegetarians
