Chapter 7 - Proteins

Question 1

part of the amino acid that determines the structure, function, and name of the amino acid

Answer 1

side chain

Question 2

amino acids that the human body can synthesize in sufficient amounts

Answer 2

11 nonessential amino acid

Question 3

amino acids that the human body cannot synthesize in sufficient amounts and must be included in the diet

Answer 3

9 essential amino acids

Question 4

transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to a carbon skeleton to form a new amino acid

Answer 4

transamination

Question 5

removal of an amino group from an amino acid

Answer 5

deamination

Question 6

essential amino acid in the lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs

Answer 6

limiting amino acid

Question 7

two food protein sources that make up for each other’s inadequate supply of specific essential amino acids

Answer 7

complementary proteins

Question 8

chemical bond formed between amino acids in a protein

Answer 8

peptide bond

Question 9

process of forming mRNA from a portion of DNA

Answer 9

DNA transcription

Question 10

synthesis of polypeptide chains at the ribosome according to information contained in strands of mRNA

Answer 10

mRNA translation

Question 11

alteration of a proteins 3-dimensional structure, usually because of treatment by heat, enzymes, acidic or alkaline solutions, or agitation

Answer 11

denaturation

Question 12

measure of how efficiently food protein, once absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, can be turned into body tissues

Answer 12

biological value (BV)

Question 13

measure of protein quality in food, determined by the ability to support the growth of a young animal

Answer 13

protein efficiency ratio (PER)

Question 14

when protein intake is less than what is lost

Answer 14

negative protein/nitrogen balance

Question 15

when protein intake is greater than losses

Answer 15

positive protein balance

Question 16

situations when positive nitrogen balance occur

Answer 16

growth, pregnancy, recovery after illness/injury, athletic training

Question 17

situations when negative nitrogen balance occur

Answer 17

fevers, burns, and infections, bed rest

Question 18

% of energy coming from protein

Answer 18

10-35%

Question 19

protein digesting enzyme produced by the stomach

Answer 19

pepsin

Question 20

hormone that stimulates HCl and pepsinogen secretion by the stomach

Answer 20

gastrin

Question 21

functions of protein

Answer 21

producing vital body structures, maintaining fluid balance, contributing to acid-base balance, forming hormones, enzymes, and neurotransmitters, and contribute to immune function

Question 22

disease marked by severe protein malnutrition that causes swelling in the extremities and an enlarged liver

Answer 22

kwashiorkor

Question 23

buildup of excess fluid in extracellular spaces

Answer 23

edema

Question 24

condition resulting from insufficient amounts of energy and protein, which eventually results in body wasting and increased susceptibility to infections

Answer 24

protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

Question 25

condition that results from a severe deficit of energy and protein, which causes extreme loss of fat stores, muscle mass, and body weight

Answer 25

marasmus (to waste away)

Question 26

only eating plant foods

Answer 26

vegans

Question 27

diet excluding meat, poultry, eggs, and fish BUT include dairy products

Answer 27

lacto-vegetarians

Question 28

diet including eggs, but excluding meat, poultry, and fish

Answer 28

lacto-ovo-vegetarians