Chapter 5 - Carbohydrates Flashcards
simple sugar, such as glucose, that is not broken down further during digestion
monosaccharide
class of sugars formed by the chemical bonding of two monosaccharides
disaccharide
large carbohydrate containing from 10 to 1000 or more monosaccharide units - aka complex carb
polysaccharide
monosaccharides: (ex)
glucose, fructose, galactose
disaccharides: (ex)
sucrose, lactose, maltose
monosaccharide found in fruits and honey
fructose
galactose + glucose
lactose
glucose + glucose
maltose
glucose + fructose
sucrose
table sugar
sucrose
indigestible oligosaccharide - galactose + glucose + fructose
raffinose
indigestible oligosaccharide - galactose + galactose + glucose + fructose
stachyose
carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest
starch
substance in plant foods that is not broken down by the digestive processes of the stomach or small intestine
fiber
digestible straight chain type of starch made of multiple glucose units
amylose
digestible branched open chain type of starch made of multiple glucose units
amylopectin
carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose with a highly branched structure
glycogen
the storage form of glucose in humans - is synthesized (and stored) in the liver and muscles
glycogen
combination of dietary fiber and functional fiber in a food
total fiber
fiber in food
dietary fiber
fiber added to foods that has shown to provide health benefits
functional fiber
most readily digested by the intestinal bacteria
pectins, gums, and mucilages
more resistant to being broken down by bacteria
cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignins
fibers that mostly do not dissolve in water and are not metabolized by bybacteria in the large intestine
insoluble fibers
fibers that either dissolve or swell in water and are metabolized by bacteria in the large intestine
soluble fibers
soluble fiber examples (food)
fruits, oat bran, legumes
insoluble fiber examples (food)
skin of fruits and vegetables, whole grains and cereal fibers, seeds of fruits
soluble fibers
pectins, gums, mucilages
insoluble fibers
cellulose, hemicellulose, lignins
RDA for carbohydrates
130 g/day of digestible carbohydrate
% of total energy intake (carbohydrate)
45-65%
AI for carbohydrates (adults up to 50)
25 g women
38 g men
AI for fiber (adults up to 50)
25 g women
38 g men
most of the carbohydrates in our diets are broken down to
glucose
generation of new glucose from certain amino acids
gluconeogenesis
- hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas
- increases the synthesis of glycogen in the liver
insulin
develops when insulin production is inadequate or cells resist insulin action, preventing glucose from entering body cells
diabetic ketosis
can suppress one’s appetite
ketosis
pouches that protrude through the exterior wall of the large intestine
diverticula
inflammation of the diverticula caused by acids produced by bacterial metabolism inside the diverticula
diverticulitis
starch-digesting enzyme from the salivary glands or pancreas
amylase
high fiber consumption with low fluid diet can result in
hard, dry stools that are painful —> hemorrhoids
high blood glucose, above 125 mg/100 ml of blood
hyperglycemia
low blood glucose, below 50 mg/100 ml of blood
hypoglycemia
if fasting blood glucose level is equal to or above 126 mg/dl, it is classified as
diabetes
the first organ to screen the sugars absorbed from the small intestine
liver
releases small amounts of insulin as soon as a person starts to eat
pancreas
promotes the use of glucose for energy and storage of excess glucose as glycogen
insulin
condition characterized by poor blood glucose regulation, hypertension, increased blood lipids, and abdominal obesity
metabolic syndrome
5% of cases of diabetes
type 1 diabetes
90% of cases of diabetes
type 2 diabetes
cause of type 1 diabetes
autoimmune attack on the pancreas
cause of type 2 diabetes
insulin resistance
risk factors for type 1 diabetes
moderate genetic predisposition
risk factors for type 2 diabetes
- strong genetic predisposition
- obesity and physical inactivity
- ethnicity
- metabolic syndrome
- pre-diabetes
treatment for type 1 diabetes
insulin, diet, exercise
treatment for type 2 diabetes
diet, exercise, oral medications to lower blood glucose, insulin
when the pancreas loses its ability to synthesize insulin
type 1 diabetes
insulin resistance or loss of responsiveness by body cells to insulin
type 2 diabetes
ratio of the blood glucose response to a given food, compared with a standard
glycemic index
amount of carbohydrate in a food multiplied by the glycemic index of that carbohydrate - then divided by 100
glycemic load