Chapter 12 - Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards
vision in dim light and color vision
vitamin A
poor growth, night blindness, dry skin
vitamin A deficiency
liver, fortified milk, red/orange/dark green/yellow vegetables
vitamin A food sources
maintenance of calcium and phosphorus concentrations, immune function, cell cycle regulation
vitamin D
rickets in children, osteomalacia in older adults
vitamin D deficiency
fortified milk, fish oils, oily fish
Vitamin D food sources
antioxidant, prevention of free radical damage
vitamin E
hemolysis of red blood cells, degeneration of sensory neurons
vitamin E deficiency
plant oils, seeds, nuts, products made from oils
vitamin E
synthesis of blood clotting factors and bone proteins
vitamin K
hemorrhage due to poor blood clotting
vitamin K deficiency
green vegetables, synthesis by intestinal microorganisms
vitamin K sources
coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism and energy release
thiamin
beriberi: anorexia, weight loss, weakness
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
thiamin deficiency
pork and pork products, enriched and whole grain cereals
thiamin sources
coenzyme in numerous oxidation-reduction reactions
riboflavin
inflammation of mouth and tongue, cracks at corner of the mouth
riboflavin deficiency
milk and milk products, mushrooms, eggs, liver (B vitamin)
riboflavin food sources
coenzyme in numerous oxidation reactions in energy metabolism - synthesis and breakdown of fatty acids
niacin
pellagra: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia (death)
niacin deficiency
meat, poultry, fish, enriched and whole grain breads and cereals
niacin food sources
coenzyme in energy metabolism and fatty acid synthesis
pantothenic acid
weakness, fatigue, impaired muscle function, GI tract disturbances
pantothenic acid deficiency
cofactor for carboxylase enzymes that participate in fatty acid, amino acid, and energy metabolism
biotin
dermatitis, conjunctivitis, hair loss, nervous system abnormalities
biotin deficiency
nuts, seeds, fish, whole grains
biotin food sources
coenzymes in amino acid metabolism, heme synthesis, and lipid metabolism
vitamin B6
dermatitis, anemia, convulsions, depression, confusion
vitamin B6 deficiency
animal protein foods, potatoes, bananas, legumes
vitamin B6 food sources
coenzyme in DNA synthesis, homocysteine metabolism
folate
megaloblastic anemia, birth defects
folate deficiency
green vegetables, liver, enriched cereal products, legumes
folate food sources
coenzyme affecting folate metabolism, homocysteine metabolism
vitamin B12
megaloblastic anemia, paresthesia, pernicious anemia
vitamin B12 deficiency
animal foods, fortified ready to each breakfast cereals
vitamin B12 food sources
collagen synthesis, some antioxidant capability, hormone and neurotransmitter synthesis
vitamin C
scurvy: poor wound healing, pinpoint hemorrhages, bleeding gums
vitamin C deficiency
citrus fruits, papayas, strawberries, broccoli
vitamin C food sources
precursor for acetylcholine and phospholipids
choline
fatty liver, muscle damage
choline deficiency
eggs, meat, fish, milk, wheat germ
choline food sources
vitamins consumed in food must be absorbed efficiently from the ________ to meet body needs
small intestine
fat soluble vitamins are absorbed along with
dietary fat
compound that combines with an inactive protein to form a catalytically active enzyme
coenzyme
fat soluble vitamins (are/are not) readily excreted form the body
are not
major positive ion of the extracellular fluid, aids nerve impulse and muscle contraction
sodium
table salt, processed foods, condiments, sauces
sodium food sources
muscle cramps, headache, nausea, vomiting, fatigue
sodium deficiency
major positive ion of intracellular fluid, aids nerve impulse, transmission, muscle contraction, water balance
potassium
potato, squash, bananas, orange juice
potassium food sources
irregular heartbeat, loss of appetite, muscle cramps, increased risk of hypertension
potassium deficiency
major negative ion of extracellular fluid, participates in acid production in stomach
chloride
table salt, some vegetables, processed foods
chloride food sources
convulsion in infants
chloride deficiency
bone and tooth structure, blood clotting, aids in nerve impulse transmission
calcium
milk and milk products, canned fish, leafy vegetables, tofu
calcium food sources
increased risk of osteoporosis
calcium deficiency
major ion in intracellular fluid, bone and tooth strength, part of ATP and other metabolic components
phosphorus
milk and milk products, processed foods, fish, soft drinks, bakery products
phosphorus
possibility of poor bone maintenance
phosphorus deficiency
bone formation, aids enzyme function, aids nerve and heart function
magnesium
wheat bran, green vegetables, nuts, chocolate, legumes
magnesium food sources
weakness, muscle pain, poor heart function, seizures
magnesium deficiency
part of vitamins and amino acids, aids in drug detoxification, acid-base balance
sulfur
protein foods
sulfur food source
