Chapter 7: Problems of Parenting

Question 1

Why do humans invest heavily in offspring

Answer 1

• Mating opportunity costs
• pregnancy
• feeding & lactation
• protection

Question 2

Why do women invest more than men?

Answer 2

• Paternal uncertainty
  
  • women are 100% sure of spring, unit of parental investment pays-off more for mothers
• Mating opportunity costs
  
  • males can produce more offspring by mating with mutliple partners, women cannot
  • opportunity costs higher for men

Question 3

What is nesting?

Answer 3

Change in behaviour related to birth preparation
- controlling the environment: site selection, nest building, nest defence, isolation vs partial isolation
- protect helpless young from environmental threats

Question 4

How is human nesting observed

Answer 4

Space prepartion: cleaning, organizing
Social selectivity: who is permitted into birthing environment

Question 5

Nesting behaviour occurs in ________ and peaks in the _________

Answer 5

women; third trimester

Question 6

What is a r strategy

Answer 6

r = rate of increase with no resource limitations
- produces many offspring
- environment allowed for rapid growth

Question 7

What is a K strategy

Answer 7

K = carrying capacity for a habitat with resource limitations
- produces quality offspring
- envrionemnt usally at carrying capacity

Question 8

What is the life history of r-strategists

Answer 8

• many offspring
• low parental investment
• high infant mortality
• short life span
• rapid development
• small body size
• variable population size

Question 9

What is the life history of K-strategists

Answer 9

• fewer offspring
• high parental investment
• low infant mortality
• long life span
• slow development
• delayed reproduction
• large body size
• stable population size

Question 10

What kind of strategy do humans use?

Answer 10

Extreme K-strategists

Question 11

How does SES affect strategies?

Answer 11

Low SES => more r-strategist
High SES => more K-strategist

Question 12

Child abuse and homicide are more likely to occur in ______ than in ______ or in _______

Answer 12

stepfamilies, natural families, single parent

Question 13

Allegations of ________ resemblance was more frequent than _______ resemblance

Answer 13

paternal, maternal

Question 14

Resemblance to the parent was signifcantly associated with _______ but not ______ emotional closeness to the offspring

Answer 14

fathers, mothers

Question 15

Perceptions of resemblance _______ correlated with attention, time invested, and help with school work

Answer 15

positvely

Question 16

Perceptions of wife’s faithfulness _______ correlated with investment in offspring

Answer 16

postiviely

Question 17

Divorced men invested ______ in offspring than married men

Answer 17

less

Question 18

What is the Trivers-Willard Hypothesis

Answer 18

Bias parental investment towards one sex depending on environmental conditons

Question 19

What does the Trivers-Willard Hypothesis predict

Answer 19

In good times, produce & invest in sons
In tough times, produce & invest in daughters

Question 20

_____________: missed additional matings due to time and effort devoted to offspring; costs are higher for males

Answer 20

mating opportunity cost hypothesis

Question 21

_______ genetic relation increases probability of infanticde

Answer 21

less

Question 22

____________: suggests some evolved adaptions to enhance child survival; women are better at recongizing emotions of infants; women have faster reaction times to negative emotions of infants

Answer 22

primary caretaker hypothesis

Question 23

____________: women better decode all facial experrsions to promote secure attachement

Answer 23

attachment promotion hypothesis

Question 24

____________: women have a special sensitivity to negative emotions indicating danger

Answer 24

fitness threat hypothesis

Question 25

________: women show reduced risk taking when paired with babies

Answer 25

the baby effect

Question 26

presence of _________ signifcantly reduces child mortaility rate

Answer 26

father

Question 27

________: effort expanded toward caring for a child cannot be allocated toward other adaptive problems

Answer 27

principle of finite effort

Question 28

___________: predicts presence of a sibling increases parent-child conflict and presence of a maternal half-sibling increases parent child conflict more

Answer 28

theory of parent-offspring conflict

Question 29

___________: parents impose stricter curfews and control over daughters clothing and sexual activity

Answer 29

daugther guarding