Chapter 7: Problems of Parenting Flashcards
Why do humans invest heavily in offspring
- Mating opportunity costs
- pregnancy
- feeding & lactation
- protection
Why do women invest more than men?
- Paternal uncertainty
- women are 100% sure of spring, unit of parental investment pays-off more for mothers
- Mating opportunity costs
- males can produce more offspring by mating with mutliple partners, women cannot
- opportunity costs higher for men
What is nesting?
Change in behaviour related to birth preparation
- controlling the environment: site selection, nest building, nest defence, isolation vs partial isolation
- protect helpless young from environmental threats
How is human nesting observed
Space prepartion: cleaning, organizing
Social selectivity: who is permitted into birthing environment
Nesting behaviour occurs in ________ and peaks in the _________
women; third trimester
What is a r strategy
r = rate of increase with no resource limitations
- produces many offspring
- environment allowed for rapid growth
What is a K strategy
K = carrying capacity for a habitat with resource limitations
- produces quality offspring
- envrionemnt usally at carrying capacity
What is the life history of r-strategists
- many offspring
- low parental investment
- high infant mortality
- short life span
- rapid development
- small body size
- variable population size
What is the life history of K-strategists
- fewer offspring
- high parental investment
- low infant mortality
- long life span
- slow development
- delayed reproduction
- large body size
- stable population size
What kind of strategy do humans use?
Extreme K-strategists
How does SES affect strategies?
Low SES => more r-strategist
High SES => more K-strategist
Child abuse and homicide are more likely to occur in ______ than in ______ or in _______
stepfamilies, natural families, single parent
Allegations of ________ resemblance was more frequent than _______ resemblance
paternal, maternal
Resemblance to the parent was signifcantly associated with _______ but not ______ emotional closeness to the offspring
fathers, mothers
Perceptions of resemblance _______ correlated with attention, time invested, and help with school work
positvely
Perceptions of wife’s faithfulness _______ correlated with investment in offspring
postiviely
Divorced men invested ______ in offspring than married men
less
What is the Trivers-Willard Hypothesis
Bias parental investment towards one sex depending on environmental conditons
What does the Trivers-Willard Hypothesis predict
In good times, produce & invest in sons
In tough times, produce & invest in daughters
_____________: missed additional matings due to time and effort devoted to offspring; costs are higher for males
mating opportunity cost hypothesis
_______ genetic relation increases probability of infanticde
less
____________: suggests some evolved adaptions to enhance child survival; women are better at recongizing emotions of infants; women have faster reaction times to negative emotions of infants
primary caretaker hypothesis
____________: women better decode all facial experrsions to promote secure attachement
attachment promotion hypothesis
____________: women have a special sensitivity to negative emotions indicating danger
fitness threat hypothesis
________: women show reduced risk taking when paired with babies
the baby effect
presence of _________ signifcantly reduces child mortaility rate
father
________: effort expanded toward caring for a child cannot be allocated toward other adaptive problems
principle of finite effort
___________: predicts presence of a sibling increases parent-child conflict and presence of a maternal half-sibling increases parent child conflict more
theory of parent-offspring conflict
___________: parents impose stricter curfews and control over daughters clothing and sexual activity
daugther guarding
