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PSYCH 361 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

________ - change over time in organic structure or behaviour

A

evolution

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2
Q

Theory that species progress towards a higher form; “struggle for life” causes adaptations; inheritance of acquired characteristics; explains adaptations

A

Lamarckian Evolution

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3
Q

Theory that species are replaced following catastrophic events; explains extinction

A

Cuvier’s Catastrophism

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4
Q

“Origin of Species” came out in the year _____; presented the theory of natural selection

A

1859

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5
Q

“The Descent of Man” came out in the year ____; filled in the gaps of natural selection

A

1874

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6
Q

Was also a naturalist; came up with the same basic theory of Darwin using different observations

A

Alfred Russell Wallace

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7
Q

He did not originally believe in natural selection until reading Darwin’s book; then began to defend the theory in public

A

Thomas Henry Huxley

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8
Q

3 Principles of Drawinian Evolution

A

Variation; Inheritance; Selection

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9
Q

_________ - when there are differences between species

A

variation

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10
Q

_________ - when some of the differences in a species are inheritable

A

inheritance

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11
Q

_________ - organisms exist in larger number of quantities than their environment can sustain

A

selection

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12
Q

_________ - Selection that comes from humans; explains domestication of plants and animals

A

Artificial Selection

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13
Q

__________ - Selection comes from the environment; explains specitation, extinction, adaptation

A

Natural Selection

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14
Q

3 Selection types

A

Stablizing, Directional, Disruptive

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15
Q

Favors individuals in the middle of the bell curve; causes bell curve to get narrower; ex: risk taking

A

stablizing selection

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16
Q

Favors individuals on one tail of the bell curve; occurs when a new selection pressure is introduced; causes mean to shift; ex: brain size

A

directional selection

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17
Q

Favors indidivuals on both tails of the bell curve; less likely to occur; can lead to two different species; ex: male and female sex gammates

A

disruptive selection

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18
Q

_______________ - selection comes from own species; explains sexual diamorphism; focuses on adaptations arising from successful mating not survival

A

sexual selection

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19
Q

_______________ - members of one sex compete to mate with members of opposite sex; usually occurs with males

A

intrasexual selection

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20
Q

____________ - members of one sex choose members of opposite sex based on preferred characteristics; usually occurs in females

A

intersexual selection

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21
Q

________ = autosomes + sex chromosomes

A

karyotype

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22
Q

__________ - changes in normal number of chromosomes

A

aneuploidies

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23
Q

2 DNA pairs

A

Adenine - thymine; Guanine - Cytosine

24
Q

__________ - 30,000 functional genes; 55% expressed in the human brain; one gene can affect many different aspects of a person; genes can interact with each other

A

exons

25
Q

__________ - 97% of human DNA is non-coding; can turn a gene on or off

A

introns

26
Q

______ & ______ define a “gene”

A

promoter & stop regions

27
Q

__________ - one of 2+ versions of a gene

A

allele

28
Q

___________ - alleles that differ by a single base or nucleotide (following mutation); occurs once every 1500 bases

A

single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

29
Q

___________ - allels that differ because of inversions; insertions; deletions; duplications (following mutation); surprisingly common

A

copy number polymorphisms (CNP)

30
Q

__________ explanations: __________ - how the behaviour works

A

proximate; mechanism

31
Q

___________ explanations: _________ - why the behaviour exists

A

ultimate; function

32
Q

__________ - explanations: __________ - changes in the individuals across the lifespan

A

ontological; development

33
Q

________ - explanations: ________ - changes in the organism across generations

A

phylogenetic; evolution

34
Q

Approach that suggested life preservation & sexual instincts (life & death instincts); function of the unconcious

A

Freudian Approach

35
Q

Approach that suggested that humans have many instincts; function of consciousness

A

Functionalism Approach

36
Q

Approach that focused on stimulus-response associations; mind is a “black box”; environmental determinism; people are blank slates; general ability to learn is only instinct

A

Behaviourism Approach

37
Q

Approach that reintroduced the mind to psychology; brain is the “hardware”; mind is the “software”; mind processes all information equally

A

Cognitive Revolution

38
Q

Model that claims human though and behaviour their own providence; human behaviour divided among different disciplines with little interdisciplinary communication; mind is a general purpose information processor; ignores ultimate and phylogenetic explanations; person as a blank slate

A

Standard Social Science Model

39
Q

Approach that says the mind is a collection of programs (modules); specialized software (domain specific); product of natural selection; mind processes some information better than others

A

Evolutionary Psychology

40
Q

__________ - proximate mechanisms and adaptive value of animal behaviour

Examples:
- Imprinting (Konrad Lorenz)
- Attachment (John Bowlby)

A

ethology

41
Q

_________ - Extended the ethology approach to human behaviour (culture art, ethics, religion)

Examples:
- Edward O. Wilson
- Social sciences emphasized learning and socialization

A

Sociobiology

42
Q

__________ - Psychology that studies adaptive value of psychological mechanisms

A

Evolutionary Psychology

43
Q

___________ - Psychology about comparisons made across species (humans, chimps, gorillas)

A

Comparative Psychology

44
Q

Explain the “Evolution = Genetic Determinism” misconception

A
  • Genes code for proteins, not behaviour
  • Selection comes from the environment
  • Adaptations evolve to help orgnaisms deal with environmental challenges
45
Q

Explain the “Evolved Behaviour is Inflexible” misconception

A
  • Behaviour requires environmental input
  • Must know the cause of behaviour to modify it
46
Q

Explain the “Adaptations are optimally designed” misconception

A
  • Designed to solve problems in the ancestral environment, not the modern environment
  • Developmental constraints
  • Costs must be outweighed by benefits
47
Q

Explain the “Cultural Differences prove there are no universals” misconception

A
  • Psychological mechanisms are universal
  • Behaviour is variable
48
Q

Explain the “Humans evolved from monkeys” misconception

A
  • Chimps are not monkeys
  • Humans evolved from a common ancestor with chimps (and monkeys)
49
Q

Explain the “Humans are an advanced/higher/more evolved species” misconception

A
  • Evolution is not goal directed
  • Humans are different from other species, no better no worse
  • Other species have culture, language, memory, etc.
50
Q

deleterious mutation ——> __________ selection

A

negative

51
Q

neutral mutation ——-> ____________ selection

A

no

52
Q

advantageous mutation ———–> _________ selection

A

positive

53
Q

___________ - random changes in genetic makeup of a population

A

genetic drift

54
Q

process of genetic drift; random hereditary changes in DNA

A

mutation

55
Q

process of genetic drift; a small population establishes a new colony with different genetic makeup

A

founder effects

56
Q

process of genetic drift; population shrinks due to catastrophes, carrying only a subset of the original genes

A

genetic bottle necks

PSYCH 361 (9 decks)

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