Chapter 1 Flashcards
________ - change over time in organic structure or behaviour
evolution
Theory that species progress towards a higher form; “struggle for life” causes adaptations; inheritance of acquired characteristics; explains adaptations
Lamarckian Evolution
Theory that species are replaced following catastrophic events; explains extinction
Cuvier’s Catastrophism
“Origin of Species” came out in the year _____; presented the theory of natural selection
1859
“The Descent of Man” came out in the year ____; filled in the gaps of natural selection
1874
Was also a naturalist; came up with the same basic theory of Darwin using different observations
Alfred Russell Wallace
He did not originally believe in natural selection until reading Darwin’s book; then began to defend the theory in public
Thomas Henry Huxley
3 Principles of Drawinian Evolution
Variation; Inheritance; Selection
_________ - when there are differences between species
variation
_________ - when some of the differences in a species are inheritable
inheritance
_________ - organisms exist in larger number of quantities than their environment can sustain
selection
_________ - Selection that comes from humans; explains domestication of plants and animals
Artificial Selection
__________ - Selection comes from the environment; explains specitation, extinction, adaptation
Natural Selection
3 Selection types
Stablizing, Directional, Disruptive
Favors individuals in the middle of the bell curve; causes bell curve to get narrower; ex: risk taking
stablizing selection
Favors individuals on one tail of the bell curve; occurs when a new selection pressure is introduced; causes mean to shift; ex: brain size
directional selection
Favors indidivuals on both tails of the bell curve; less likely to occur; can lead to two different species; ex: male and female sex gammates
disruptive selection
_______________ - selection comes from own species; explains sexual diamorphism; focuses on adaptations arising from successful mating not survival
sexual selection
_______________ - members of one sex compete to mate with members of opposite sex; usually occurs with males
intrasexual selection
____________ - members of one sex choose members of opposite sex based on preferred characteristics; usually occurs in females
intersexual selection
________ = autosomes + sex chromosomes
karyotype
__________ - changes in normal number of chromosomes
aneuploidies
2 DNA pairs
Adenine - thymine; Guanine - Cytosine
__________ - 30,000 functional genes; 55% expressed in the human brain; one gene can affect many different aspects of a person; genes can interact with each other
exons
__________ - 97% of human DNA is non-coding; can turn a gene on or off
introns
______ & ______ define a “gene”
promoter & stop regions
__________ - one of 2+ versions of a gene
allele
___________ - alleles that differ by a single base or nucleotide (following mutation); occurs once every 1500 bases
single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
___________ - allels that differ because of inversions; insertions; deletions; duplications (following mutation); surprisingly common
copy number polymorphisms (CNP)
__________ explanations: __________ - how the behaviour works
proximate; mechanism
___________ explanations: _________ - why the behaviour exists
ultimate; function
__________ - explanations: __________ - changes in the individuals across the lifespan
ontological; development
________ - explanations: ________ - changes in the organism across generations
phylogenetic; evolution
Approach that suggested life preservation & sexual instincts (life & death instincts); function of the unconcious
Freudian Approach
Approach that suggested that humans have many instincts; function of consciousness
Functionalism Approach
Approach that focused on stimulus-response associations; mind is a “black box”; environmental determinism; people are blank slates; general ability to learn is only instinct
Behaviourism Approach
Approach that reintroduced the mind to psychology; brain is the “hardware”; mind is the “software”; mind processes all information equally
Cognitive Revolution
Model that claims human though and behaviour their own providence; human behaviour divided among different disciplines with little interdisciplinary communication; mind is a general purpose information processor; ignores ultimate and phylogenetic explanations; person as a blank slate
Standard Social Science Model
Approach that says the mind is a collection of programs (modules); specialized software (domain specific); product of natural selection; mind processes some information better than others
Evolutionary Psychology
__________ - proximate mechanisms and adaptive value of animal behaviour
Examples:
- Imprinting (Konrad Lorenz)
- Attachment (John Bowlby)
ethology
_________ - Extended the ethology approach to human behaviour (culture art, ethics, religion)
Examples:
- Edward O. Wilson
- Social sciences emphasized learning and socialization
Sociobiology
__________ - Psychology that studies adaptive value of psychological mechanisms
Evolutionary Psychology
___________ - Psychology about comparisons made across species (humans, chimps, gorillas)
Comparative Psychology
Explain the “Evolution = Genetic Determinism” misconception
- Genes code for proteins, not behaviour
- Selection comes from the environment
- Adaptations evolve to help orgnaisms deal with environmental challenges
Explain the “Evolved Behaviour is Inflexible” misconception
- Behaviour requires environmental input
- Must know the cause of behaviour to modify it
Explain the “Adaptations are optimally designed” misconception
- Designed to solve problems in the ancestral environment, not the modern environment
- Developmental constraints
- Costs must be outweighed by benefits
Explain the “Cultural Differences prove there are no universals” misconception
- Psychological mechanisms are universal
- Behaviour is variable
Explain the “Humans evolved from monkeys” misconception
- Chimps are not monkeys
- Humans evolved from a common ancestor with chimps (and monkeys)
Explain the “Humans are an advanced/higher/more evolved species” misconception
- Evolution is not goal directed
- Humans are different from other species, no better no worse
- Other species have culture, language, memory, etc.
deleterious mutation ——> __________ selection
negative
neutral mutation ——-> ____________ selection
no
advantageous mutation ———–> _________ selection
positive
___________ - random changes in genetic makeup of a population
genetic drift
process of genetic drift; random hereditary changes in DNA
mutation
process of genetic drift; a small population establishes a new colony with different genetic makeup
founder effects
process of genetic drift; population shrinks due to catastrophes, carrying only a subset of the original genes
genetic bottle necks
