Chapter 2

Question 1

Three theories of origin

Answer 1

creationism, seeding theory, evolution by natural selection

Question 2

theory of origin; intelligent design; offers no testable predictions, no new discoveries, and no useful explanation of existing discoveries

Answer 2

creationism

Question 3

theory of origin; life originated elsewhere and came to Earth; testable but no evidence; no new discoveries; infinitely regressive

Answer 3

seeding theory

Question 4

theory of origin; organizes known facts; guides theory; offers new predictions

Answer 4

evolution by natural selection

Question 5

Three products of evolution

Answer 5

adaptations, by-products, noise

Question 6

• product of evolution
• inherited and reliabily developing characteristic
• evolved through natural selection to solve survival or reproduction problems

Answer 6

adaptation

Question 7

• product of evolution
• characteristics that do not solbe adaptive problems and do not have a functional design
• linked with adaptations
• ex: belly button

Answer 7

by-products

Question 8

• product of evolution
• random effects produced by change mutations, dramatic changes in the environment, developmental perturbances
• can be harm, neutral, or beneficial

Answer 8

noise

Question 9

____________ - Specific selection forces (adaptive problems) that shaped the adaptation over time

Answer 9

Environment of Evolved Adaptedness (EEA)

Question 10

Model that states that females can maximize lifetime reproductive success by suppressing reproduction in the present (when condtions are poor) in favour of futre reproduction (when conditions are better); benefits exceed the costs of suppression

Answer 10

Reproductive Suppression Model

Question 11

Hypothesis that states “reduce caloric intake when conditions are poor for reproduction”

Answer 11

Reproductive suppression hypothesis

Question 12

Levels of evolutionary analysis

Answer 12

overarching theory; mid level theory; specific hypothesis; specific predictions

Question 13

• level of evo analysis
• consistent with, but not derived from natural selection

Answer 13

mid-level theory

Question 14

• level of evo analysis
• derived from mid-level theory

Answer 14

specific hypothesis

Question 15

• level of evo anaylsis
• test hyothesis

Answer 15

specific predictions

Question 16

2 different methods to test evolutionary hypotheses

Answer 16

theory driven (top-down) hypotheses; observation-driver (bottom-up) hypothesis

Question 17

Process by which
1. Derive hypothesis from mid-level theory
2. Test predictions based on hypothesis
3. Does empirical evidence support hypothesis

Answer 17

theory-driven (top down) hypotheses

Question 18

Process by which
1. Generate hypothesis based on observation
2. Test predictions based on hypothesis
3. Does empirical evidence support hypothesis

Answer 18

observational-driven (bottom-up) hypotheses

Question 19

____ - solves specific recurring problem that occurred in the EEA; evolved by natural selection; processes narrow band of information; informs of a specific problem; uses decision rules; direct to solve a specific adaptive problem

Answer 19

evolved psychological mechanisms (EPM)

Question 20

_______ - ideas that are transferred from one mind to another mind through observation

Answer 20

transmitted culture

Question 21

_______ - phenomena triggered in some groups more than others because of differing environmental conditions

Answer 21

evoked culture