Chapter 7 - Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood Flashcards
Reflection of dominant cerebral hemisphere
Handedness. Right-handed = 90% left hemisphere. Left-handed = 10% both hemispheres
Dexter
Right
Sinister
Left
Infectious disease, malnutrition and lack of immunizations are all
Challenges to normal development
Gait smooth and rhythmic by age
2
Upper and lower body skills combine into more refined actions by age
5
What fine-motor skills are developed during early childhood?
Dressing, eating, drawing and printing
Sex that excels in skills using force and power
Boys
Sex that excels in skills using balance and agility
Girls
In Piaget’s Preoperational stage, children have these limitations in thinking:
Egocentrism, lack of conservation and lack of hierarchical classification
In Piaget’s Preoperational stage, children gain mental representation skills through
Make-believe play and symbol-real-world relations
Because of this, children are able to detach from real-life conditions, become less self-centered and more complex
Make-believe play
Because of this, children are able to increase their cognitive and social skills and strengthen their mental abilities
Make-believe play
Failure to distinguish others’ viewpoints from one’s own
Egocentrism
Understanding that physical characteristics remain the same when appearance chanes
Conservation
Focus on one aspect to the neglect of others
Centration
Inability to mentally reverse a series of steps
Irreversibility
Today’s evaluation of Piaget’s theories states:
Development of logical operations is gradual rather than sudden. Disagreement over whether a Preoperational stage exists, some deny the stages and others point to a flexible stage notion
According to Vygotsky, this is the foundation for all higher cognitive processes
Private speech
This serves as a self-guiding function and increases during challenging tasks
Private speech
Memory for familiar, everyday event
Episodic memory
Memory for one-time events
Autobiographical memory
As cognitive and conversational skills improve so does this type of memory
Autobiographical
This style of influence from adults fosters organized and detailed personal stories
Elaborative
This style of influence from adults are weak at promoting autobiographical recall
Repetitive
The awareness that others have different feelings and thoughts from your own
Theory of mind
Early awareness of mental life
Infancy through age 3
Mastery of false belief tasks
Around age 4
Language skills such as
Phonological awareness, vocab and grammar emerge in early childhood
Informal literacy experiences involve:
Games, interactive reading and writing
The order relationships between quantities
Ordinality
Ordinality develops between
14-16 months
When counting, the last number is the total
Cardinality
Cardinality develops and lasts between
3 and a half to 4 years
Engagement in effective conversation can begin as early as
2 years of age
By this age, a child can adjust their speech to fit the listener’s age, sex and social status
4 years of age
Stimulation, physical organization, emotional support, modeling and encouragement, variety in stimulation and no physical punishment are all features of a
High-quality home environment
