Chapter 6 - Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood Flashcards
This requires caregivers to supply: responsiveness and balance of loving care in order to develop
Trust
This requires suitable guidance, reasonable choice, and reasonable expectations for impulse control
Autonomy/ greater sense of personal control
Sensitivity to structure and timing of face-to-face interactions appears between
3-4 months
Do children tend to match the feeling tone of the caregiver?
Yes
Reliance on a trusted person’s emotional reactions to appraise an uncertain situation
Social referencing
These self-conscious emotions: shame, embarrassment, guilt, pride and envy appear between the ages
1 and a half to 3 years of age
Awareness of self as separate and unique is required to have
Self-conscious emotions
Adjusting one’s own state of emotional intensity is known as
Emotional self-regulation
When does emotional self-regulation first begin to improve as the brain develops?
Over the first year
Caregivers contribute to childrens’
Self-regulation style
Emotional self-regulation requires
Effortful control
Caregivers teach children
Socially approved ways of expressing feelings
Persistence of temperamental style is influenced by
Child-rearing practices
This is responsible for about half of individual differences and varies with trait and age of individuals studied
Genetic influences
This refers to the nutrition, quality of care-giving, gender stereotyping and role of siblings. There are cultural variations.
Environmental influences
Interaction between temperament and child-rearing style is referred to as
Goodness-of-fit
Child-rearing is effective when
It is a good fit with a child’s temperament
John Bowlby defined attachment as
Lasting psychological connectedness between human beings
Is it true that attachment increases the likelihood of survival of the infant
Yes
Built on Bowlby’s theories and used the “Strange Situation” test
Mary Ainsworth
Paternal warmth is often expressed through
Play
Paternal warmth is promoted by
Time spent in physical proximity to babies and intimacy and cooperation between parents
Can the arrival of a new baby be stressful for older siblings?
Yes
Certain temperamental traits (high emotional reactivity) increases the likelihood of
Sibling conflict
Secure attachment as been related to later
Cognitive, emotional, and social competence
Continuity of care giving promotes
Favorable development
The capacity to inhibit impulses, manage negative emotions and behave in socially acceptable ways is known as
Effortful control
Awareness of self as a separate, autonomous being, having confidence in directing own actions and memory for the caregiver’s directives all influence
One’s effortful control
Awareness of caregivers’ wishes and expectations, ability to obey simple requests and commands is known as
Compliance
This leads to first conscience-like verbalizations
Compliance
Responding to toddlers with sensitivity and support help develop
Compliance and self-control
To give advance notice of change for toddlers help develop
Compliance and self-control
