Chapter 2 - Genetic and Environmental Foundations Flashcards
An individual’s genetic information
Genotype
An individual’s directly observable characteristics
Phenotype
Rodlike structures within the cells that store and transmit genetic information
Chromosomes
The chemical substance that makes up chromosomes
DNA
Segment of DNA along the length of the chromosomes
Gene
Process by which DNA duplicates itself. Produces new body cells containing the SAME genetic information
Mitosis
Process by which gametes are formed. Leads to genetic variability
Meiosis
22 matching pairs of chromosomes
Autosomes
23rd pair of chromes
Sex chromosomes
XX
Female
XY
Male
Sex cells: sperm and ovum
Gametes
Formed when sperm and ovum unite
Zygote
A result when a single zygote separates to form 2 individuals
Identical twins/Monozygotic
A result from the release and fertilization of two separate ova
Fraternal/Dizygotic
2 forms of the same gene, one inherited from each parent. Occurs at the same place (locus) on both chromosomes in a pair
Alleles
Only the dominant allele affects children’s phenotypic characteristics
Dominant-Recessive Inheritance
Many serious diseases are the product of
Recessive alleles
People who are heterogeneous have one recessive allele. They are known as
Carriers
A sudden, permanent change in a segment of DNA. May affect 1 or 2, or many genes
Mutation
Characteristics influences by MANY genes
Polygenic inheritance
A chromosomal-related abnormality associated with the 21st chromosome
Down Syndrome
Abnormalities caused by either the X or Y chromosome
Sex chromosome abnormalities
A lack of emotional closeness/supervision and excessive demands for achievement is associated with
Unavailable parents
These benefits: reduce of stress of poverty, provision of assistance for all generations and the creation of strong family bonds are associated with
Living with your extended family
People who define themselves as separate entities
Individualisitc
People who define themselves as part of a group
Collectivist
Is it true that one’s development is a result from a BIDIRECTIONAL exchange between heredity and all levels of environment?
Yes
