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Psych 104 > Chapter 7 - Perception and Sensation > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Perception and Sensation Flashcards

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1
Q

3 Factors of Perception

A

What is in the sensory field, What was just in the sensory field, What has been experienced in the past.

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2
Q

Parrallel Processing

A

The ability to process multiple sensations at the same time.

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3
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

Processing where a whole is constructed from its parts.

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4
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

Conceptually driven processing influenced by beliefs and prior learning, filling in the blanks

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5
Q

Perceptual Set

A

A set formed when expectations influence perceptions

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6
Q

Perceptual Constance

A

Aspects of a stimulus can change dramatically but we still perceive them as the same stimulus or related in a way

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7
Q

Problems Perceptual Constance and Sets

A

They do not provide an explanation for why they occur rather they simply do.

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8
Q

Selective Attention

A

The process of simplifying sensory overload by actively ignoring or disregarding certain stimuli. Assumed to be controlled by Reticular Activating System (RAS) and cortical regions.

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9
Q

Filter “Theory” of Attention

A

More of a model to describe the process in which only certain stimuli are allowed to pass through a sort of bottleneck shape and be accurately and fully perceived. Tested using Dichotic listening.

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10
Q

Innatentional Blindness

A

Inability to detect stimuli that are in plain sight when our attention is focused elsewhere like with dichotic listening. and the gorilla in the midst of the basketball players.

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11
Q

Change Blindness

A

Failure to detect changes in a visual stimuli.

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12
Q

Subliminal Messaging

A

Pseudo-scientific theory that believes that certain hidden messages can appeal to an individuals subconscious and then have those messages affect your behaviour.

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13
Q

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

A

Perception of events outside of the known channels of sensation, AKA parapsychology has three main types.

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14
Q

ESP Types

A

Precognition - Predicting future events
Telepathy - Reading other people’s minds
Clairvoyance - Detecting the presence of objects that are hidden from view.

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15
Q

ESP psychologist

A

Rein Used Zener Cards

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16
Q

Ganzfeld technique

A

cutting off a receiver from normal sensory overload and have them receive a message from a sender in a separate location

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17
Q

Reasons for prevalence of ESP belief

A

Illusory correlation, underestimating frequency of coincidence

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18
Q

Visible light wavelength

A

400-700 nm

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19
Q

Hue

A

Colour of light

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20
Q

Brightness

A

Measure of quantity of light

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21
Q

White and Black

A

White is the amalgamation of all colours while black is the absence of colour and light altogether.

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22
Q

Variability in light

A

Additive and substracting colour mixing different from ink which function in the inverse manner.

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23
Q

Eyeball

A

Organ that is able to convert light in electrical stimuli

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24
Q

Schlera

A

Outer protective casing of the eyeaball

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25
Q

Pupil

A

mechanism that controls the amount of light in

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26
Q

Iris

A

Coloured portion of the eyeball

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27
Q

Nearsighted

A

Myopia focal point falls in front of eye

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28
Q

Cornea

A

Bends and refracts light onto focal point

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29
Q

Farsighted

A

Hyperpopia Focal point lands beyond retina

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30
Q

Lens

A

Bends and refracts light similar to cornea but is used to focus on objects within view

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31
Q

Retina

A

Captures light contains rods and cones

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32
Q

Rods

A

Mechanisms that work best in low levels of light, cannot perceive colour, gain maximum sensitivity after light deprivation for 30 minutes, called dark adaptation concentrated most on the outer parts of retina

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33
Q

Cones

A

Used to perceive high visual acuity and colour, concentrated very highly at the Fovea centralis

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34
Q

Fovea centralis

A

Point on the retina with a high concentration of cones and a low concentration of rods, in the middle of vision.

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35
Q

Blind spot

A

Intersection between the optic nerve and retina where no cones or rods reside.

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36
Q

Photopigments

A

protein within the cones and rods that react when absorbing light creating nerve impulses, sending them down the optic nerve

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37
Q

Optic chiasm

A

Area where the information from the left field of view and the right field of cross inside the brain, right field of view information goes to left hemisphere and left field of view info goes to right hemisphere

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38
Q

Area of the brain that interprets visual info

A

V1 area in the occipital lobe discovered by Hubel and Weisel using cats

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39
Q

Feature Detector Cells

A

Cells in the brain that recognize different arrangements of simple lines and edges

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40
Q

Later Levels of Perception

A

More complex shapes and movements can be observed.

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41
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

They viewed the whole to be greater than the individual parts and believed that the whole should be studied rather than the components.

42
Q

Gestalt Figures

A

Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, Kurt Koffka

43
Q

Kunizsa Square

A

The image of four circles with the corners cut out forming the image of a square

44
Q

Principles of Gestalt

A

Proximity, Similarity, Continuity, Closure, Symmetry, Figure-Ground Segregation

45
Q

Proximity

A

Objects physically close together tend to be perceived together

46
Q

Similarity

A

Similar objects will be seen as being grouped together or related

47
Q

Continuity

A

Viewing continuous movement in abrupt changes aka good continuation

48
Q

Closure

A

The tendency to view incomplete figures or forms as complete objects

49
Q

Figure-Ground Segregation

A

Separation of the figure from its backdrop or background.

50
Q

Trichomatic Theory

A

Idea that our vision is based on our sensitivity to the three primary colours, fits with later findings that cones are based off the three primary colours.

51
Q

Opponent Process theory

A

We perceive colours in terms of three pairs of opponent colours
red and green
blue and yellow
black or white
specific cones are excited and inhibited by these colour pairs, ganglion cells in front of cones can lessen the effect of the cone if they perceive an opposing colour.

52
Q

Depth Perception

A

Ability to judge distance and three dimensional relations

53
Q

Monocular cues

A

Stimuli that enables us to judge depth using one eye

54
Q

Binocular Cues

A

Stimuli that enables us to judge depth using both eyes.

55
Q

Monocular Cues - list

A

Relative size, Texture Gradient, Interposition, Linear Perspective, Height in plane, Light and Shadow, Motion Parallax

56
Q

Binocular Cues - List

A

Binocular disparity - The overlap between the left and the right field of views
Binocular Convergence - The degree to which your eyes turn inward to estimate distance.

57
Q

Perceptual Deficiency

A

The inability to perceive a sense either due to an impairment of the sensory organ or an impairment to the portion of the brain that perceives it.

58
Q

Motion blindness

A

Inability to detect motion as a product of images.

59
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

A failure to recognize and associate objects with their class

60
Q

Blindsight

A

The ability of blind people to be able to react to visual stimuli

61
Q

Pinna

A

Visual part of the ear

62
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

Eardrum

63
Q

Ossicles

A

bones past Tympanic Membrane

64
Q

Ossicles Names

A

Malleus, Incus, Stapes

65
Q

Semi-circular canals

A

small organs in the inner ear that deal with balance

66
Q

Cochlea

A

Fluid-filled snail-shaped structure, contains sensory receptor cells

67
Q

Temporal Theory

A

Pitch is determined by the activity level of the sensory neuron

68
Q

Place theory

A

Different parts of the bassilar membrane are sensitive to different pitches which can be determined by the brain based off where they came from.

69
Q

Monaural

A

Use of one ear to localize sound

70
Q

Binaural

A

Use of two ears to localize sound, uses internaural level difference and internaural timing difference

71
Q

Hearing loss

A

can be split into congenital deafness and conductive hearing loss and sensineural hearing loss

72
Q

Congenital deafness

A

An impairment from birth that makes hearing impossible.

73
Q

Conductive Hearing loss

A

Caused by age and environmental factors such as exposue to extreme loud sounds.

74
Q

Sensorineural Hearing loss

A

The inability for the cochlea to transmit neural signals to the brain can be caused by Menieres disease.

75
Q

Vertigo

A

Caused by increased inner pressure of the ear and creates a sense of spinning when staying still

76
Q

Cochlear Implants

A

electronic devices that is used to bypass the cochlea entirely and replace it with technology.

77
Q

Chemical Sense

A

Taste (Gustation) and Smell (Olfaction) rely on relaying information based off of certain chemicals with which they come into contact

78
Q

Umami

A

fifth sense of taste

79
Q

Taste Buds

A

Groups of taste receptor cells with hair like extensions.

80
Q

Taste Perception

A

Taste nerve impulses are sent to the medulla, thalamus, limbic system and gustatory cortex, which is tucked between the frontal and temporal lobes.

81
Q

Olfaction (Smell)

A

Olfactory receptors in the nose transmit neural impulses to the brain.

82
Q

Olfactory receptors

A

located in the mucous membrane at the top of the nose, with small hair like protrusions to catch dissolved odor molecules. Sends signals to the olfactory Bulb.

83
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

At the tip of the frontal lobe the portion of the brain that is responsible with relaying the signal from the olfactory receptors to the rest of the brain to be interpreted.

84
Q

Pheromones

A

Chemical messages sent from individuals in a species to one another through the olfactory system.

85
Q

Meissners Corpuscles

A

Receptors in the skin that respond to pressure and low frequency vibrations

86
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

A

Receptors in the skin that detect transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations

87
Q

Merkels Disks

A

Receptors in the skin that respond to light pressure

88
Q

Ruffini Corpuscles

A

Receptors in the skin that detect stretch or friction

89
Q

Thermoreception

A

The ability to sense the temperature of things with the help of free sensory nerve endings near the surface of the skin

90
Q

Nociception

A

The ability to sense pain and potential harm with help from free specialized nerve endings near the surface of the skin.

91
Q

Inflammatory Pain

A

Pain that is caused by tissue damage.

92
Q

Neuropathic Pain

A

Pain that is caused by damage to neurons in the central or peripheral nervous systems this pain ends up being exaggerated by the time it reaches the brain due to the strength of the stimulus on the initial neuron

93
Q

Treatments for pain

A

There is no one clear treatment and varies heavily on many different factors

94
Q

Congenital insensitivity to pain or congenital analgesia

A

the inability to feel pain, it is a rare disease. can still detect differences in pressure and temperature

95
Q

Vestibular sense

A

The sense that allows us to maintain balance within our body governed by the semicircular canals in the inner ear.

96
Q

Proprioception

A

Perception of the position of the body.

97
Q

Kinesthesia

A

Perception of the body’s movement relative to the space which it occupies

98
Q

Utricle

A

Organ in the inner ear that contributes to the vestibular sense

99
Q

Saccule

A

Organ in the inner ear that contributes to vestibular sense

100
Q

Parts of the Brain - Olfaction

A

Similar to the parts of the brain in gustation info is sent to the limbic system and to the primary olfactory cortex.

Psych 104 (11 decks)

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