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Psych 104 > Chapter 5 - The Biological Basis of Behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - The Biological Basis of Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

Central Nervous System vs Peripheral Nervous System

A

CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord while the peripheral nervous system is composed of appendages and body.

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2
Q

Components of Central Nervous System

A

Brain, Spinal Cord, Optic Nerve, Retina

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3
Q

Components of Peripheral Nervous System

A

Cranial Nerve, Spinal Nerve, Somatic Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System

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4
Q

Components of nerve cells

A

Soma, dendrite, axon and axon terminal

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5
Q

Glial Cells

A

Cells that povide structural support to the brain, 4 different types of glial

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6
Q

Types of Brain Cells

A

Neurons and Glial Cells

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7
Q

Parts of the synapse

A

Synaptic Vesicles, Neurotransmitters, Synaptic cleft

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8
Q

Types of neurons

A

Unipolar, bipolar, Multipolar

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9
Q

Unipolar Neurons

A

Most simplistic form of a neuron with a singular protrusion, found most commonly in invertebrates

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10
Q

Bipolar Neurons

A

Neurons with two protrusions image the basic image of a neuron, most common as sensory neurons, who receive a single signal.

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11
Q

Multipolar Neurons

A

Most complicated and complexe set of neurons that branch off in an indeterminate number of branches, the most common neuron among all of them.

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12
Q

Action potential

A

Interruoted concentration gradient that falls down the axon of the neuron to send a signal. Potassium enters neuron through voltage gated channels.

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13
Q

Concentration gradient of a neuron

A

Negative inside neuron positive outside neuron.

Potassium inside neurons, Sodium outside of neurons

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14
Q

Resting potential

A

The resting voltage that neurons have outside of any action potential around -70 mV

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15
Q

Threshold Potential

A

The necessary voltage to reach to continue an action potential along the length of the axon the necessary voltage to open the voltage-gated channels. Approx -55 mV

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16
Q

What occurs in the Synapse

A

The neurotransmitters open up channels that allow the first influx of sodium into the neuron that has a butterfly effect and leads the electrical current down the axon.

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17
Q

Repolarization

A

Action potential causes potassium channels to open aswell so as the positive sodium enters potassium leaves and rebalances the the charges, at which point sodium-potassium exchange pumps restores the concentration imbalance, the slow closing of the potassium channels causes a refractory period where the neuron can no longer execute am action potential.

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18
Q

Absolute Refractory period

A

The period in which an action potential is actively taking place and thus another action potential is not possible.

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19
Q

Relative Refractory Period

A

A brief period of time after an action potential where a large stimulus is required to get the neuron to fire due to hyperpolarization

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20
Q

Strong vs Weak Stimulus

A

Speed of the Action Potential

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21
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

A covering of the axon that increases the speed of action potential by only needing depolarization at the nodes of Ranvier. Found normally in the Central Nervous system, White matter has a higher concentration of myelin.

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22
Q

Reflex Arc

A

The almost instantaneous reaction that uses interneurons inside the spinal cord to react to a stimulus.

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23
Q

Amino Acids

A

A category of small-molecule neurotransmitters, includes Glutamate and GABA.

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24
Q

Monoamines

A

A small-molecule neurotransmitter, sub-categories include catecholamines and Indolamines. Neurotransmitters that are synthesized from a single amino acid.

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25
Q

Catecholamines

A

A monoamines that includes Dopamine and Norepinephrine

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26
Q

Indolamines

A

A monoamine that includes serotonin.

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27
Q

Acetylcholine

A

A self categorized small-molecule neurotransmitters. Controls skeletal muscles, alzheimers associated with low levels of ACh

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28
Q

Unconventional Neurotransmitters

A

Breaks down to soluble gases and endocannabinoids

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29
Q

Endocannabinoids

A

Includes the neurotransmitters anandamide

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30
Q

Large-Molecule Neurotransmitters

A

Neuropeptides, breaks down to specifically endorphins.

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31
Q

Agonist

A

A chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter when it binds with the neurotransmitters receptor site.

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32
Q

Antagonist

A

A chemical that blocks the action of a neurotransmitter when it binds with the neurotransmitters receptor site.

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33
Q

Dopamine

A

Contributes to control of voluntary movement, is very integral to the “reward pathway” degeneration of of DA neurons is responsible for Parkinson’s.

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34
Q

Reward Pathway

A

Stimulation of a portion of the brain that makes animals have a favourable reaction and want more stimulation.

35
Q

Dopamine Agonists

A

Cocaine and amphetamines.

36
Q

Serotonin (5-HT)

A

Involved in regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating, aggression. Prozac and antidepressant affect serotonin re-uptake.

37
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Brain arousal and other functions, mood hunger sleep enhanced by amphetamines and methamphetamines, both hormone and neurotransmitter AKA noradrenaline

38
Q

GABA

A

Gamma-aminobutyric, main inhibitory transmitter, regulates anxiety and sleep/arousal, Valium and similar antianxiety drugs work at GABA synapses.

39
Q

Glutamate

A

Main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system, participates in learning and relay of sensory information

40
Q

Anandamide

A

Binds to the same receptors as THC

41
Q

Endorphins

A

Painkillers

42
Q

Neural Plasticity in development

A

Growth of dendrites and axons, Synaptogenesis, Pruning, Myelination

43
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

the ability for two neurons to firs simultaneously.

44
Q

Neural Plasticity following injury

A

Brain Regions can sometimes take over functions previously performed by others

45
Q

Stem Cell Research

A

To produce all types of cells from a stem cell basis

46
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Creation of new neurons in the adult brain

47
Q

Meninges

A

Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

48
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Provides the brain with nutrients and protection against the outside.

49
Q

Franz Joseph Gall

A

Believes that the mind and the body are not separate entities and that all mental functions arise from the brain.

50
Q

Phrenology

A

Study of the brain based off the size and shape of skull.

51
Q

Frontal Loba

A

Performs functions that coordinate other brain areas, motor planning , language, and memory

52
Q

Primary motor Cortex

A

Part of the frontal lobe that’s responsible for bodily movement.

53
Q

The cortical homunculus

A

The sensory neurons in a single area of the body.

54
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Responsible for thinking and language

55
Q

Brocas Area

A

Language portion of the prefrontal cortex.

56
Q

Phineas Gage

A

Guy who got a bar through his head

57
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Process touch information, integrates vision and touch

58
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Process if auditory information language and autobiographical memory

59
Q

Wernickes Area

A

Part of the temporal lobe involved in understanding speech.

60
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Vision

61
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Involved in goal directed motor control, associated with reward pathway.

62
Q

Limbic System

A

Loosely connected structure, does stuff for smell motivation memory and emotion.

63
Q

Thalamus

A

Command center and relay center, except center.

64
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of the brain that regulates the endocrine system.

65
Q

Hippocampus

A

Part of the brain that deals with memory.

66
Q

Clive Wearing

A

The guy that forgets really fast, problem with Hippocampus

67
Q

Amygdala

A

Deals with emotions

68
Q

Brain Stem

A

Contains Midbrain and Hindbrain

69
Q

Midbrain

A

Part of the brain that deals with movement and visual stimuli

70
Q

Hindbrain

A

Cerebellum, Pons, Medulla

71
Q

Cerebellum

A

Deals with body movement and position and balance.

72
Q

Medulla

A

Part of the brain stem involved in basic functions, such as heartbeat and breathing.

73
Q

Reticular Activating System

A

Responsible for arousal and consciousness.

74
Q

EEG

A

Records the brains electrical activity at the surface of the skull.

75
Q

CT scan

A

using multiple X-rays to construct three dimensional images.

76
Q

MRI

A

Technique using strong magnetic fields to indirectly visualize brain structure.

77
Q

PET Scan

A

An invasive technique that measures glucose consumption levels

78
Q

fMRI

A

Technique that uses magnetic fields to visualize brain activity using the BOLD Response.

79
Q

Problems with fMRI

A

BOLD Response doesn’t directly mean brain activity.

80
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

A

A technique that applies strong and quickly changing magnetic fields to the surface of the skull that can either enhance or interrupt brain function.

81
Q

Neuroanatomical techniques

A

Golgi stain, Nissl Stain, Electron Microscopy

82
Q

Golgi Stain

A

revealing silhouettes of neurons with a very dark dye

83
Q

Nissl Stain

A

A stain that reveals the soma of the neurons.

84
Q

Electron Microscopy

A

A Microscopy technique used to study the fine details of cellular structure.

Psych 104 (11 decks)

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