Chapter 1 - History of Psychology Flashcards
History of Psychology
Definition:
Repeated Retrieval
The theory that states that through repeated Review of material the curve at which we forget is flattened.
Definition:
Mind
An illusive ideal or symbol of the soul, no known or agreed upon definition
Explain:
Theory of Humourism
First theory to explain the anatomical and biological processes without relying on supernatural or theological phenomenon. Referring to 4 Biles relating to the 4 elements
State:
4 Biles in Humourism
Blood, Flehm, Yellow Bile, Black Bile
State:
Main Figures of Humourism
Hippocrates (fundamentals)
Galen (specialist)
Explain:
Theory of Substance Dualism
Theory surrounding the separation of the mind from the body, the body encompassing the material and the mind encompassing the immaterial. “I think therefor I am” principle
Figures:
Substance Dualism
René Descartes
Explain:
Mind-Body Problem
How do the two entities of mind and body interact with one another when they occupy different planes of existence.
Explain:
Psychology
The concept created through the separation from physiology (body), and Philosophy. The study of consciousness based on introspection
Definition:
Introspection
A subjective measurement based on looking inwardly into one-self
Figures:
Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt
Explain:
Structuralism
One of two camps created from an initial split in psychology. The study of psychology using introspection as its main source of data collection.
Figures:
Structuralism
Edward Titchener
Explain:
Functionalism
One of the two camps created from an initial split in psychology. The study of the functionality of the consciousness. Heavily based off of natural selection and the idea that consciousness was developed in response to natural selection for a purpose.
Figures:
Functionalism
William James
Explain:
Psychodynamics / Psychoanalytics
the concentration on the less than conscious, the unconscious, a realm that can not be seen or interpreted, save by the specialists of Psychodynamics, widely discounted as a pseudo-science.
Figures:
Psychodynamics / Psychoanalytics
Sigmund Freud, not ever trained as a psychologist.
Explain:
Occam’s Razor
If conflicted with the choice between two possible explanations or hypotheses to a phenomenon the more parsimonious of the two is the superior option.
Definition:
Parsimonious
The least number of assumptions to be made by a statement, or conditions for it to be correct.
Explain:
Foundation of behaviourism
Based on the sandy foundation of introspection, psychologists were in search of a better measure to properly study the mind and consciousness in a scientific manner.
Figures:
Behavourism
John B. Watson (Founder)
B. F Skinner (Specialist)
Explain:
Watson’s tongue and cheek challenge
Watson proposed a challenge in that since his opposition would not found their ideas in science but in conjecture that he would also propose the challenge that he could raise a dozen children to be exactly who he desired in a controlled environment out of conjecture.
Explain:
Behaviourism
Using the scientific method shifting the view of psychology from the study of introspective account to the study of human behavior as it reflects our thoughts and actions. Viewing the human as more of an animal than a special superior species. Brought into the spotlight by B.F Skinner
Explain:
Operant Conditioning
Conditioning behaviour found by B.F Skinner involving positive and negative feedback to stimulus or behaviour exhibited by an animal or individual.
Explain:
The Humanistic Perspective
In response to the widely spread ideas of behaviourism, reframing the human being as being more than the sum of their parts and capable of personal growth, emphasizing the unique qualities of humans.
Figures:
The Humanistic Perspective
Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow
State:
Unique Human Qualities in The Humanistic Perspective
- Conscious Motives
- Freedom
- Choice
- Self-Actualization
- Reaching one’s individual potential
Explain:
The Cognitive Perspective
In a split from behaviourism which lasted the test of time due to its success, the cognitive perspective used behaviouralist techniques in an attempt to explain cognitive aspects, as opposed to aspects of the mind.
A switch from the study of the mind to the study of the cognition.
Explain:
The Biological Perspective
A focus on the brain processes and other bodily functions which influence behaviour and mind
State:
Subdomains of biological perspective
- neuroscience
- behavioural neuroscience
- cognitive neuroscience
- behavioural genetics
- brain chemistry
Explain:
Sociocultural Psychology
A study of how social and cultural aspects in the environment affect behaviour in individuals, the more present day study of psychology.
Explain:
Developmental Psychology
Human Development and its relation to psychology
Explain:
Psychometrics
The development of psychological testing
Explain:
Clinical Psychology
Branch of psychology concerned with diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. Grew out of world war 2 to help returning war veterans after the horrors they witnessed.
