Chapter 1 - History of Psychology

Question 1

Definition:

Repeated Retrieval

Answer 1

The theory that states that through repeated Review of material the curve at which we forget is flattened.

Question 2

Definition:

Mind

Answer 2

An illusive ideal or symbol of the soul, no known or agreed upon definition

Question 3

Explain:

Theory of Humourism

Answer 3

First theory to explain the anatomical and biological processes without relying on supernatural or theological phenomenon. Referring to 4 Biles relating to the 4 elements

Question 4

State:

4 Biles in Humourism

Answer 4

Blood, Flehm, Yellow Bile, Black Bile

Question 5

State:

Main Figures of Humourism

Answer 5

Hippocrates (fundamentals)

Galen (specialist)

Question 6

Explain:

Theory of Substance Dualism

Answer 6

Theory surrounding the separation of the mind from the body, the body encompassing the material and the mind encompassing the immaterial. “I think therefor I am” principle

Question 7

Figures:

Substance Dualism

Answer 7

René Descartes

Question 8

Explain:

Mind-Body Problem

Answer 8

How do the two entities of mind and body interact with one another when they occupy different planes of existence.

Question 9

Explain:

Psychology

Answer 9

The concept created through the separation from physiology (body), and Philosophy. The study of consciousness based on introspection

Question 10

Definition:

Introspection

Answer 10

A subjective measurement based on looking inwardly into one-self

Question 11

Figures:

Psychology

Answer 11

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 12

Explain:

Structuralism

Answer 12

One of two camps created from an initial split in psychology. The study of psychology using introspection as its main source of data collection.

Question 13

Figures:

Structuralism

Answer 13

Edward Titchener

Question 14

Explain:

Functionalism

Answer 14

One of the two camps created from an initial split in psychology. The study of the functionality of the consciousness. Heavily based off of natural selection and the idea that consciousness was developed in response to natural selection for a purpose.

Question 15

Figures:

Functionalism

Answer 15

William James

Question 16

Explain:

Psychodynamics / Psychoanalytics

Answer 16

the concentration on the less than conscious, the unconscious, a realm that can not be seen or interpreted, save by the specialists of Psychodynamics, widely discounted as a pseudo-science.

Question 17

Figures:

Psychodynamics / Psychoanalytics

Answer 17

Sigmund Freud, not ever trained as a psychologist.

Question 18

Explain:

Occam’s Razor

Answer 18

If conflicted with the choice between two possible explanations or hypotheses to a phenomenon the more parsimonious of the two is the superior option.

Question 19

Definition:

Parsimonious

Answer 19

The least number of assumptions to be made by a statement, or conditions for it to be correct.

Question 20

Explain:

Foundation of behaviourism

Answer 20

Based on the sandy foundation of introspection, psychologists were in search of a better measure to properly study the mind and consciousness in a scientific manner.

Question 21

Figures:

Behavourism

Answer 21

John B. Watson (Founder)

B. F Skinner (Specialist)

Question 22

Explain:

Watson’s tongue and cheek challenge

Answer 22

Watson proposed a challenge in that since his opposition would not found their ideas in science but in conjecture that he would also propose the challenge that he could raise a dozen children to be exactly who he desired in a controlled environment out of conjecture.

Question 23

Explain:

Behaviourism

Answer 23

Using the scientific method shifting the view of psychology from the study of introspective account to the study of human behavior as it reflects our thoughts and actions. Viewing the human as more of an animal than a special superior species. Brought into the spotlight by B.F Skinner

Question 24

Explain:

Operant Conditioning

Answer 24

Conditioning behaviour found by B.F Skinner involving positive and negative feedback to stimulus or behaviour exhibited by an animal or individual.

Question 25

Explain:

The Humanistic Perspective

Answer 25

In response to the widely spread ideas of behaviourism, reframing the human being as being more than the sum of their parts and capable of personal growth, emphasizing the unique qualities of humans.

Question 26

Figures:

The Humanistic Perspective

Answer 26

Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow

Question 27

State:

Unique Human Qualities in The Humanistic Perspective

Answer 27

• Conscious Motives
• Freedom
• Choice
• Self-Actualization
• Reaching one’s individual potential

Question 28

Explain:

The Cognitive Perspective

Answer 28

In a split from behaviourism which lasted the test of time due to its success, the cognitive perspective used behaviouralist techniques in an attempt to explain cognitive aspects, as opposed to aspects of the mind.
A switch from the study of the mind to the study of the cognition.

Question 29

Explain:

The Biological Perspective

Answer 29

A focus on the brain processes and other bodily functions which influence behaviour and mind

Question 30

State:

Subdomains of biological perspective

Answer 30

• neuroscience
• behavioural neuroscience
• cognitive neuroscience
• behavioural genetics
• brain chemistry

Question 31

Explain:

Sociocultural Psychology

Answer 31

A study of how social and cultural aspects in the environment affect behaviour in individuals, the more present day study of psychology.

Question 32

Explain:

Developmental Psychology

Answer 32

Human Development and its relation to psychology

Question 33

Explain:

Psychometrics

Answer 33

The development of psychological testing

Question 34

Explain:

Clinical Psychology

Answer 34

Branch of psychology concerned with diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. Grew out of world war 2 to help returning war veterans after the horrors they witnessed.