Chapter 7- Nervous System Flashcards by Christian Hill

What monitors changes, called stimuli, occurring inside and outside the body

Sensory Input

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What processes and interprets sensory input and decides whether action the body

Integration

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What is a response, or effect, that activates muscles or glands

Motor input

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What are the 2 central nervous system organs

. Brain

. Spinal cord

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What are the 3 functions of the Central Nervous system

. Integration
. Interprets incoming sensory information
. Issues outgoing instructions

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What are nerves extending from the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

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What carry impulses to and from the spinal cord

Spinal nerves

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What Carry impulses to and from the brain

Cranial nerves

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What is the function of the peripheral nervous system

Serve as communication lines among sensory organs, the brain and spinal and glands or muscles

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What are nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system

Sensory (afferent) division

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What are nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system organs to effector organs

Motor (efferent) division

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What are the 2 subdivisions of the motor division

. Somatic

. Autonomic

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What are the 2 principal cells that make up nervous tissue

. Supporting cells

. Neurons

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Support cells in the Central Nervous System are grouped together as what

Neuroglia

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What are the 3 functions of neuroglia

. Support
. Insulate
. Protect neurons

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What are the 4 types of neuroglia in the Central Nervous System

. Astrocytes
. Microglia
. Ependymal cells
. Oligodendrocytes

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What are the 2 types of neuroglia in the Peripheral Nervous System

. Satellite cells

. Schwan cells

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What are abundant star shaped cells

Astrocytes

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What do Astrocytes do

Brace and anchor neurons to blood capillaries

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What determine exchanges between blood capillaries and neurons

Astrocytes

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What are spiderlike phagocytes

Microglia

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What are the 2 things Microglia do

. Monitor health of nearby neurons

. Dispose of debris

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What line cavities of the brain and spinal cord

Ependymal cells

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What do Ependymal cells do

Assist with circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

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What wrap around nerve fibers in the central nervous system

Oligodendrocytes

What form myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system

Schwann cells

What protects and cushion neuron cell bodies

Satellite cells

What are the 3 major regions of neurons

. Cell body . Processes . Myelin

What is the nucleus and metabolic center of the cell

Cell body

What are fibers that extend from the cell body

Processes

What is a white fatty material covering neuron processes called axons

Myelin

Where do axons end

Axonal terminal

Axonal terminals can be separated from the next neuron by what 2 things?

. Synaptic cleft | . Synapse

What is a gap between adjacent Neurons

Synaptic cleft

What is a functional junction between nerves where a nerve impulse is transmitted

Synapse

What are clusters of cell bodies in the central nervous system

Nuclei

What are collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system in the peripheral nervous system

Ganglia

What are bundles of nerve fibers in the central nervous system

Tracts

What are bundles of nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system

Nerves

What are collections of myelinated fibers

White matter

What are mostly unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies

Gray matter

What Carry impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNS

Sensory (afferent) neurons

What are the 2 receptors in the CNS

. Cutaneous sense organs in skin | . Proprioceptors

What carry impulses from the CNS to viscera or muscles and glands

Motor (efferent) neurons

What are cell bodies located in the CNS

Interneurons

How are neurons classified

Based on the number of processes extending from the cell body

What have many extensions from the cell body

Multipolar neurons

What have one axon and one dendrite

Bipolar neurons

What are located in special sense organs such as nose and eye

Bipolar neurons

What have a short single process leaving the cell body

Unipolar neurons

What conduct impulses both toward and away from the cell body

Unipolar neurons

What is the ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it to a nerve impulse

Irritability

What is the ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons muscles or glands

Conductivity

What are rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli

Reflexes

Reflexes occur over neural pathways called what

Reflex arcs

What are the 2 types of reflexes

. Somatic | . Autonomic

What are reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles and are involuntary

Somatic reflexes

What regulate the activity of smooth muscles, heart and glands

Autonomic reflexes

What reacts to a stimulus

Sensory receptor

What Carries messages to the integration center

Sensory neuron

What processes information and directs motor output

Integration center

What Carries messages to an effector

Motor neuron

What is the muscle or gland to be stimulated

Effector organ

What are the simplest type of reflex arc

Two-neuron reflex arc

What type of arc consists of the five elements: receptor, sensory neuron, Interneuron, motor neuron, and effector

Three-neuron reflex arc

What are the 4 brain regions

. Cerebral hemispheres . Diencephalon . Brain stem . Cerebellum

What includes more than half of the brains mass and the surface is made of ridges and grooves

Cerebral hemisphere pair

What are the 4 surface lives of the cerebrum

. Frontal . Parietal . Occipital . Temporal

What is located in parietal love posterior to central sulcus and receives impulses from the body sensory receptors

Primary somatic sensory area

Left side of the primary somatic sensory area receives impulses from where

The right side

What are the 3 special senses the cerebral areas are involved in

. Visual . Auditory . Olfactory

What allows us to consciously move skeletal muscles

Primary motor area

What is involved in our ability to speak

Broca area

What is an outer layer composed mostly of merit on cell bodies

Gray matter

What are fiber tracts deep to gray matter

White matter

What are islands of gray matter buried deep within the white matter of the cerebrum

Basal nuclei

What regulates voluntary motor activities by modifying instructions sent to skeletal muscles by the primary motor cortex

Basal nuclei

What sits on top of the brain stem and is enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres

Diencephalon

What are the 3 structures of the Diencephalon

. Thalamus . Hypothalamus . Epithalamus

What is the relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to the cerebral cortex

Thalamus

What does the hypothalamus house

Limbic center

What does the Epithalamus house

Pineal gland

What forms cerebrospinal fluid

Choroid plexus

What are the 3 parts of the brain stem

. Midbrain . Pons . Medulla oblongata

What are the two bulging fiber tracts in the brain stem called

Cerebral penduncles

What converts ascending and descending impulses

Cerebral penduncles

What are the 4 rounded protrusions in the brain stem

Corpora quadrigemina

What are the visual and auditory reflex centers

Corpora quadrigemina

What is the rounded structure protruding just below the midbrain mostly composed of fiber tracts

Pons

What is the lowest part of the brain stem that merges into the spinal cord

Medulla oblongata

What diffuse mass of gray matter along the entire brain stem

Reticular function

What are the 2 layers in the double layered external covering of the meninges

. Periosteum | . Meningeal layer

What is attached to inner surface of the skull

Periosteum

What is the outer covering of the brain

Meningeal layer

What is the middle layer of the brain and is weblike extensions that span the subarachnoid space to attach it to the pai matter

Arachnoid layer

What is the internal layer that clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

Pia mater

What is formed continually by the choroid plexuses that is similar to blood plasma

Cerebrospinal Fluid

What allows water, glucose, and amino acids to pass through capillary walls and includes the least permeable capillaries of the body

Blood brain barrier

What is a slight brain injury that little to no permanent damage occurs

Concussion

What is it called when nervous tissue destruction occurs and a coma might occur

Contusion

What could happen when a intracranial hemorrhage or cerebral edema happens

Death may occur

What results when blood circulation to a brain area is blocked and brain tissue dies

Cerebrovascular accident, or stroke

What is it called when numbness, temporary paralysis or impaired speech happen

Transient ischemic attack