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Chapter 1- The Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy

A

Study of the structure and shape of the body and it’s parts

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2
Q

What are the 2 levels of anatomy

A

.Gross anatomy

.Microscopic anatomy

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3
Q

What’s the definition Of gross anatomy

A

Large, easily observable structures

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4
Q

What’s the definition of microscopic anatomy

A

Structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

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5
Q

What are the 6 levels of structural organization

A
  1. Atoms
  2. Cells
  3. Tissues
  4. Organs
  5. Organ systems
  6. Organisms
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6
Q

What are the 3 things that from the integumentary system

A

. Hair
. Skin
. Fingernails

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7
Q

What does the integumentary system do

A

It waterproofs the body, cushions and protects deeper tissue, produces vitamin D, Excretes salt, regulates body temp and is the location of cutaneous nerve receptors

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8
Q

What are the 4 things that form the skeletal system

A

. Cartilage
. Ligaments
. Joint
. Bones

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9
Q

What does the skeletal system do

A

Provides muscle attachment, protects vital organs, site of blood cell formation and stores minerals

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10
Q

What does the muscular system do

A

Contract muscles and produces bone movements

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11
Q

What are the 4 things that make up the nervous system

A

. Brain
. Sensory receptor
. Spinal cord
. Nerves

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12
Q

What are the 4 things about the nervous system

A

. Fast acting control system
. Responds to internal and external stimuli
. Sensory receptors send messages to the central nervous system
. Central nervous system asses information and activates effectors

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13
Q

What are the 8 things that make up the endocrine system

Male or Female

A 
. Pineal Gland
. Pituitary gland
. Thyroid gland
. Thymus gland
. Adrenal gland
. Pancreas
. Testis
. Ovaries
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14
Q

What does the endocrine System do

A

It secretes hormones into the blood

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15
Q

What are the 3 body functions controlled by the hormones from the endocrine system

A

. Growth
. Reproduction
. Use of nutrients

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16
Q

What are the 2 things that make up the cardiovascular system

A

Heart and blood vessels

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17
Q

What does the heart do

A

Pumps blood

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18
Q

Where do vessels transport blood

A

Tissue

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19
Q

What are the things in the blood transported by the vessels

A 
. Oxygen 
. Carbon dioxide 
. Nutrients
. Hormones
. White blood cells
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20
Q

What are the 3 things that make up the lymphatic system

A

. Lymphatic vessels
. Lymph nodes
. Lymphoid organs

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21
Q

What are the 3 things the lymphatic system does

A

. Complements the cardiovascular system by returning leaked fluids back to the blood stream
. Lymph nodes and organs cleanse the blood
. Houses white blood cells

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22
Q

What are the 6 things that make up the respiratory system

A 
. Nasal Cavity
. Pharynx
. Larynx 
. Trachea
. Bronchi
. Lungs
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23
Q

What are the 3 things the respiratory system does

A

. Exchanges gasses with the blood through air sacs in the lungs
. Supplies the body with oxygen
. Removes carbon dioxide

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24
Q

What are the 6 things that make up the digestive system

A 
. Oral cavity
. Esophagus 
. Stomach
. Small intestine
. Large intestine
. Rectum
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25
What are the 3 things the digestive system does
. Breaks down food . Allows for nutrient absorption into the blood . Eliminates indigestible material as feces
26
What are the 4 things that make up the urinary system
. Kidney . Ureter . Bladder . Urethra
27
What are the 4 things the urinary system does
. Eliminates nitrogen . Maintains acid-base balance . Regulates water and electrolyte balance . Regulates blood pressure
28
What are the 8 necessary life functions
``` . Maintaining boundaries . Movement . Responsiveness . Digestion . Metabolism . Excretion . Reproduction . Growth ```
29
Definition of maintaining boundaries
. Separate inside from the outside
30
Definition of movement
Movement of substances and locomotion
31
Definition of responsiveness
. Ability to sense changes and react
32
Definition of digestion
Breakdown and absorption of nutrients
33
Definition of metabolism
. Chemical reactions within the body
34
What are the 4 things metabolism does
. Breaks down complex molecules . Builds larger molecules . Produces energy (ATP) . Is regulated by hormones
35
What are the 3 way waste is removed by excretion
. Urine . Feces . Sweat
36
Where does reproduction occur
Cellular level or organismal level
37
Definition of cellular level
. New cells are used for growth and repair
38
Definition of organismal level
. Reproductive system handles the task
39
Definition of growth
. Increases cell size or body size
40
What are the 5 survival needs
``` . Nutrients . Oxygen . Water . Normal body temp . Atmospheric pressure ```
41
What are nutrients
Chemicals used for energy and cell building
42
What are the 5 types of nutrients
``` . Carbohydrates . Proteins . Lipids . Vitamins . Minerals ```
43
Why is oxygen a survival need
Required for chemical reactions
44
What are the 3 things about water that make it a survival need
. 60-80 percent of body weight . Most abundant chemical in the human body . Provides fluid base for body secretions and excretions
45
What is the normal body temperature
. 37 degrees Celsius or 98.6F
46
Why is atmospheric pressure a survival need
Must be appropriate for gas exchange
47
What’s the definition of homeostasis
. When the body is stable
48
What are the 2 things about homeostasis
. Dynamic state of equilibrium | . Necessary for normal body functioning
49
What are the 2 main controlling systems in the body
. Nervous system | . Endocrine system
50
What is a homeostatic imbalance
. A Disturbance in homeostasis
51
What are the 3 components to all homeostatic control mechanisms
. Receptors . Control center . Effector
52
What are the 2 things receptors do
. Responds to changes in the environment | . Sends information to control center along an afferent pathway
53
What are the 3 things a control center does
. Determines set point . Analyzes information . Determines appropriate response
54
What are the 2 things an effector does
. Provides a means for response to the stimulus | . Sends information from control center to effector along efferent pathway
55
What are the 2 feedback mechanisms
. Positive feedback | . Negative feedback
56
What are the 3 things about negative feedback
. Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms . Shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity . Works like a household thermostat
57
What are the 4 things about positive feed back
. Rare in the human body . Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther . Reaction occurs at a faster rate . In the body, positive feedback occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby
58
What is the correct anatomical position
. Standing tall, feet side by side, arms handing at the side with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body
59
Definition of superior
Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body
60
Definition of inferior
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body
61
Definition of anterior
Toward the front of the body or in front of
62
Definition of posterior
Toward or at the backside of the body or behind
63
Definition of medial
Toward or at the midline of the body
64
Definition of lateral
Away from the midline of the body
65
Definition of intermediate
Between a more medial and more lateral structure
66
Definition of proximal
Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body
67
Definition of distal
Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body
68
Definition of superficial
Toward or at the body surface
69
Definition of deep
Away from the body surface, more internal
70
What are the 4 body planes and sections
. Sagittal . Midsagittal . Frontal . Transverse
71
What does a sagittal section divide the body into
Into left and right parts
72
What does a midsagittal section divide the body into
Into equal left and right parts
73
What does a frontal section divide the body into
Into anterior and posterior parts
74
What does a transverse section divide the body into
Into superior and inferior parts
75
What do body cavities provide
Degrees of protection to organs within them
76
What are the 2 internal body cavities
. Dorsal body cavity with 2 subdivisions | . Ventral body cavity with 2 subdivisions separated by diaphragm
77
What are the 2 subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity
. Cranial cavity | . Spinal cavity
78
What are the 2 subdivisions of the ventral body cavity
. Thoracic cavity | . Abdomninopelvic cavity
79
What are the 2 cavity’s in the abdominopelvic cavity
. Abdominal cavity | . Pelvic cavity
80
What does the cranial cavity do
Houses the brain which is protected by the skull
81
What does the spinal cavity do
Houses the spinal cord which is protected by the vertebrae
82
What are the 3 things about the thoracic cavity
. Cavity superior to the diaphragm . Houses heart, lungs and other organs . Is protected by the rib cage
83
What is the 3 things about the abdominopelvic cavity
. Cavity inferior to the diaphragm . Superior abdominal cavity contains the stomach, liver, and other organs . Inferior pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, bladder and rectum
84
What are the 2 ways the abdominopelvic cavity can be divided
. Four quadrants | . Nine regions
85
What are the 4 quadrants in anatomical position from left to right
. Right upper quadrant . Left upper quadrant . Right Lower quadrant . Left lower quadrant
86
What are the 9 regions in anatomical position from left to right
``` . Right hypochondriac . Epigastric . Left hypochondriac . Right lumbar . Umbilical . Left lumbar . Right iliac . Hypogastric . Left iliac ```
87
What organ is in the right hypochondriac region
Liver
88
What’s in the epigastric region
Stomach
89
What’s in the left hypochondriac region
Diaphragm
90
What’s in the right lumbar region
Large intestine
91
What’s in the umbilical region
Small and large intestine
92
What’s in the left lumbar region
Large intestine
93
What’s in the right iliac region
Appendix
94
What’s in the hypogastric region
Urinary bladder

Anatomy (7 decks)

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