Chapter 5- Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 parts of the skeletal system
A
. Bones
. Joints
. Ligaments
. Cartilage
2
Q
What are the 2 subdivisions of the skeleton
A
. Axial
. Appendicular
3
Q
What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system
A
. Support the body . Protect soft organs . Provide muscle attachment . Store minerals and fats . Blood cell formation
4
Q
The adult Skelton has how many bones
A
206
5
Q
What are the 2 basic types of bone tissue
A
. Compact
. Spongy
6
Q
What are compact bones
A
Dense, smooth, and homogeneous bones
7
Q
What is spongy bone
A
Small needle like pieces of bone with many open spaces
8
Q
What are the 4 groups of bones based on their shape
A
. Long
. Flat
. Short
. Irregular
9
Q
Long bones are typically what
A
Longer than they are wide and have enlarged ends
10
Q
Long bones contain mostly what, and have what on the end
A
Mostly compact bone with spongy bone on ends
11
Q
What is the shape of short bones
A
Generally cube shaped
12
Q
Short bones contain what and have an outer layer of what
A
Mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact
13
Q
What are the shapes of flat bones
A
Thin, flattened and usually curved
14
Q
Flat bones are made of what 2 thin layers of what and have what in between
A
Two thin layers of compact bone with spongy in between
15
Q
Irregular bones have a what shape
A
Irregular shape
16
Q
What makes up most of bones length
A
Diaphysis
17
Q
What is the diaphysis composed of
A
Compact bone
18
Q
What is the outside covering of the diaphysis
A
Periosteum
19
Q
What is the periosteum made of
A
Fibrous connective tissue membrane
20
Q
What secures the periosteum to the underlying bone
A
Perforating fibers
21
Q
What is the epiphysis composed of
A
Mostly spongy bone enclosed by a thin layer of compact bone
22
Q
What covers the external surface of the epiphyses
A
Articular cartilage
23
Q
What is articular cartilage made of
A
Hyaline cartilage
24
Q
What does articular cartilage do
A
Decreases friction at joint surfaces
25
What is a remnant of the epiphyseal plate
Epiphyseal line
26
Where is the Epiphyseal line seen
Adult bones
27
What is the Epiphyseal plate
Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone
28
What does the Epiphyseal plate do
Cause lengthwise growth of a long bone
29
What lines the inner surface of the bones shaft
Endosteum
30
What is endostuem made of
Connective tissue
31
What is the cavity inside the bones shaft
Medullary cavity
32
What does the medullary cavity contain
. Yellow marrow in adults
| . Red marrow for blood cell formation in infants
33
Bone markings are sites of attachment for what 3 things
. Muscles
. Tendons
. Ligaments
34
Bone markings are passages for what 2 things
. Nerves
| . Blood vessels
35
What are the 5 common bone markings
```
. Process
. Meatus
. Sinus
. Foramen
. Fissure
```
36
What is a process
Bony prominence
37
What is a Meatus
Canal-like passageway
38
What is a sinus
Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous
39
What is a foramen
Round or oval opening through a bone
40
What is a fissure
Narrow, slit like opening
41
What is spongy bone made of
Small needlelike pieces of bone and open spaces
42
What are the small needle like pieces of bone called in spongy bone
Traveculae
43
What are 3 things that fill the open spaces in spongy bone
. Marrow
. Blood vessels
. Nerves
44
What is the unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings called
Osteon (Haversian system)
45
What is the opening in the center of an osteon
Central (Haversian) canal
46
How does the central (Haversian) canal run through a bone
Lengthwise
47
What are the 2 things the central (Haversian) canal Carries
. Blood vessels
| . Nerves
48
What are mature bone cells situated in bone matrix
Osteocytes
49
What are cavities in bone matrix that house osteocytes
Lacunae
50
What are concentric circles lacunae situated around the central (Haversian) canal
Lamellae
51
What are tiny canals that radiate from the central canal to lacunae
Canaliculi
52
What does the canaliculi form
A transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply
53
What canal is perpendicular to the central canal
Perforating (Volkman’s) canal
54
What are the 2 thing the perforating ( Volkman’s) canal carry
. Blood vessels
| . Nerves
55
What is ossification
Process of bone formation
56
What occurs on hyaline cartilage models or fibrous membranes
Bone formation and growth
57
What are the two major phases of long bone growth
. Osteoblasts
| . In a fetus
58
What covers hyaline cartilage model with bone matrix in long bone growth
Osteoblasts
59
When does the enclosed cartilage get digested away opening up a medullary cavity in long bone growth
In a fetus
60
What 2 types of cartilage are not converted to bone after birth
. Articular cartilage
| . Epiphyseal plates
61
New cartilage is formed continuously where on Articular cartilage and Epiphyseal plates
On the external face
62
Old cartilage is broken down and replaced by what
Bony matrix
63
What happens during appositional growth
Bones grow in width
64
Osteoblasts in the periosteum add bone matrix to what
The outside of the diaphysis
65
Osteoclasts in the endosteum remove bone from where
The inner surface of the diaphysis
66
What is bone growth controlled by
Hormones
67
Bones are remodeled throughout life in what 2 responses
. Calcium ion level in the blood
| . Pull of gravity and muscles on skeleton
68
What does the calcium ion level in the blood determine
When the matrix is to be broken down or formed
69
What does the pull of gravity and bones on the Skelton determine
Where the bone matrix is to be broken down or formed
70
What’s a fracture
Break in a bone
71
What are the 2 types of fractures in bones
. Open
| . Closed
72
What’s a closed fracture
Break that does not penetrate the skin
73
What’s a open fracture
A broken bone that penetrates the skin
74
What are the 4 major events in repairs of bone fractures
. Hematoma
. Fibrocartilage callus forms
. Bony callus replaces the Fibrocartilage callus
. Bone remodeling occurs in response to mechanical stresses
75
What are the 3 things that splint the broken bone
. Cartilage matrix
. Bony matrix
. Collagen fibers
76
What are the 2 things that migrate in when the bony callus replaces the Fibrocartilage callus
. Osteoblasts
| . Osteoclasts
77
What forms the longitudinal axis of the body
Axial skeleton
78
What are the 3 parts of the longitudinal axis of the body
. Skull
. Vertebral column
. Bony thorax
79
What bones protect the brain
Cranial bones
80
What are the 8 cranial bones
```
. Frontal
. Occipital
. Ethmoid
. Sphenoid
. Parietal pair
. Temporal pair
```
81
What are the 14 facial bones 6 pair and 2 single
```
. Pair of maxillae
. Pair of palatine
. Pair of lacrimal
. Pair of zygomatic
. Pair of nasal
. Pair of inferior nasal conchae
. Vomer
. Mandible
```
82
What is a bone closely related to the mandible and temporal bones
Hyoid
83
What does the hyoid bone serve as
Movable base for the tounge
84
What does the hyoid aid in
Swallowing and speech
85
Vertebral column provides what
Axial support
86
Where does the vertebral Column extend from
Skull to pelvis
87
Vertebral bones are separated by what
Intervertebral discs
88
How many vertebral bones are there?
26
89
How many cervical vertebrae are in the neck
7 cervical
90
How many thoracic vertebrae are in the chest region
12 thoracic
91
How many lumbar vertebrae are associated with the lower back
5 lumbar
92
How is the Sacrum formed
By fusion of 5 vertebrae
93
How is the coccyx formed
By fusion of 3-5 vertebrae
94
What does the bony thorax or thoracic cage do
Protects organs in the thoracic cavity
95
What are the 3 parts of the thoracic cage
. Sternum
. Ribs
. Thoracic vertebrae
96
What are the 3 kinds of ribs in the thoracic cage
. True ribs
. False ribs
. Floating ribs
97
How many true ribs are there
14
98
How many false ribs are there
10
99
How many floating ribs are there
4
100
How many bones compose the appendicular Skeleton
126
101
What are the 3 things that make up the appendicular Skeleton
. Limbs and there appendages
. Pectoral girdle
. Pelvic girdle
102
What are articulations
Joints
103
Where do joints occur
Where 2 or more bones meet
104
What are the 2 things joints do
. Hold bones together
| . Allow for mobility
105
What are the 2 ways joints are classified
. Functionally
| . Structurally
106
What are immovable joints
Synarthroses
107
What are slightly movable joints
Amphiarthroses
108
What are freely movable joints
Diarthroses
109
Fibrous joints are what
Generally immovable
110
Cartilaginous joints are what
Immovable or slightly movable
111
Synovial joints are what
Freely movable
112
What are bones United by fibrous tissue
Fibrous joints
113
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints
. Sutures
. Syndesmoses
. Gomphoses
114
What are immobile fibrous joints
Sutures
115
Which fibrous joints have more movement than sutures but still immobile
Syndesmoses
116
Where are Syndesmoses fibrous joints found
On the distal ends of tibia and fibula
117
Where are the immobile fibrous joints called gomphoses found
Where the teeth meet the facial bones
118
What are bones connected by cartilage
Cartilaginous joints
119
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints
.Synchrondrosis joints
| .Symphysis joints
120
Where are synchrondrosis joints found
Epiphyseal plates of growing long bones
121
Where are symphysis joints found
In the pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints
122
What are articulating bones that are separated by a joint cavity
Synovial joint
123
What is found in the joint cavity of synovial joints
Synovial fluids
124
What are the 4 distinguishing features of synovial joints
. Articular cartilage
. Articular capsule
. Joint cavity
. Reinforcing ligaments
125
What are flattened fibrous sacs
Bursae
126
Bursae are lined with what
Synovial membranes
127
Bursae are filled with what
Synovial fluid
128
What is an elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
Tendon sheathe
129
What is a slip and glide joint
Plane joint
130
What is a hinging joint
Hinge joint
131
What is a pivoting joint
Pivot joint
132
What a joint with a movement from side to side and back and fourth
Condylar joint
133
What is another joint with movement from side to side and back and fourth
Saddle joint
134
What is a joint with movement on all axes with rotation
Ball and socket joint
