Chapter 2- Chemistry Overview And Cells Flashcards
1
Q
What do organic compounds contain
A
Carbon
2
Q
What are the 4 things organic compounds include
A
. Carbohydrates
. Lipids
. Proteins
. Nucleic acids
3
Q
What are carbohydrates
A
Sugars and starches
4
Q
What are lipids
A
Fats, oils and steroids
5
Q
How are proteins built
A
From amino acids
6
Q
What are the 2 nucleic acids
A
DNA and RNA
7
Q
What do Inorganic compounds lack
A
Carbon
8
Q
What are the 3 things inorganic compounds include
A
. Water
. Salts
. Acids and bases
9
Q
What are acids
A
Electrolytes that dissociate in water and release free hydrogen ions, they are also hydrogen donors
10
Q
What do strong acids do
A
Ionize completely and liberate all their hydrogen
11
Q
What do weak acids do
A
Ionize incompletely
12
Q
What are bases
A
Electrolytes that dissociate in water and release hydroxyl ions, they are also hydrogen acceptors
13
Q
What does ph do
A
Measures relative concentration of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in body fluids
14
Q
How does the ph scale run
A
From 0 to 14
15
Q
What is a neutral ph
A
7
16
Q
Acidic solutions have a ph of what number
A
Below 7
17
Q
Basic solutions have a ph of what number
A
Above 7
18
Q
What are buffers
A
Chemicals that can regulate ph change
19
Q
What are proteins
A
They are building blocks called amino acids
20
Q
What are the 3 functions of proteins
A
. Provide for construction materials for body tissues
. Play a vital role in cell function
. Act as enzymes, hormones and antibodies
21
Q
What are the 2 protein structures
A
. Polypeptides
. Proteins
22
Q
Polypeptides contain how many amino acids
A
Fewer than 50
23
Q
Proteins contain how many amino acids
A
More than 50
24
Q
What are the 2 things enzymes do
A
. Increase the rate of chemical reactions
. Bind to substrates at an active site to catalyze reactions
25
What are the 2 types of enzymes
. Hydrolase
| . Oxidase
26
What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) composed of
A nucleotide built from ribose sugar, adenine base and 3 phosphate groups
27
What are the 2 things about Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
. Chemical energy used by all cells
| . Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bonds
28
What do cells do
Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life
29
What are cells
The building blocks of all living things
30
How many main regions of a cell are there
3
31
What are the 3 main regions of a cell
. Plasma membrane
. Nucleus
. Cytoplasm
32
What is the nucleus
The control center of a cell
33
What does the nucleus contain
Genetic material known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
34
What are the 3 regions of a nucleus
. Nuclear envelope
. Nucleolus
. Chromatin
35
What does the nuclear envelope consist of
A double membrane that bounds the nucleus
36
What does the nuclear envelope contain
Nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell
37
What is nucleoplasm
A jellylike fluid found within the nucleus and is enclose by the nuclear envelope
38
Where is the nucleolus
Within the nucleus
39
Where are sites of ribosome assembly
Nucleolus
40
Where do ribosomes migrate
The cytoplasm through nuclear pores
41
Why do ribosomes migrate
To serve at the site of protein synthesis
42
What is chromatin made of
DNA
43
Where is chromatin scattered
Throughout the nucleus and present when the cell is not dividing
44
Chromatin condenses to from what
Dense, rodlike bodies called chromosomes when the cell divides
45
What is the plasma membrane
Transparent barrier for cell contents
46
What contains cell contents and separates it from surrounding environments
Plasma membrane
47
What is the fluid mosaic model constructed of
Two layers of phospholipids arranged tail to tail
48
What are the 2 layers of phospholipids
. Hydrophilic heads
| . Hydrophobic tails
49
What are the 3 things the 2 layers of phospholipids contain
. Proteins
. Cholesterol
. Glycoproteins
50
What are the 3 types of cell junctions
. Tight junctions
. Desmosomes
. Gap junctions
51
What are tight junctions
Impermeable junctions that prevent substances from passing through extra cellular space between cells
52
What are desmosomes
Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart as a result of mechanical stress
53
What do gap junctions do
Allow communication between cells through channels
54
What is cytoplasm
The cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
55
What is the site of most cellular activities
Cytoplasm
56
What are the 3 major components of the cytoplasm
. Cytosol
. Inclusions
. Organelles
57
What is cytosol
Fluid that suspends other elements and contains nutrients and electrolytes
58
What are inclusions
Chemical substances, such as stored nutrients or cell products that float in the cytosol
59
What are organelles
Metabolic machinery of the cell that perform functions for the cell
60
What are mitochondria
The “powerhouse” of the cell
61
What do mitochondria do
Produce ATP
62
Where are the 2 locations ribosomes are found
. Free in the cytoplasm
| . As part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
63
What are the 2 kinds of the Endoplasmic reticulum
. Rough ER
| . Smooth ER
64
What are the 2 things about rough ER
. Studded with ribosomes
| . Synthesizes proteins
65
What are the 2 things about smooth ER
. Lacks ribosomes
| . Functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides
66
What does the Golgi apparatus do
Modifies and packages proteins
67
What do lysosomes contain
Enzymes that can digest worn out or non usable cell structures
68
What do lysosomes house
Phagocytes that dispose of bacteria and cell debris
69
What are the 2 things peroxisomes do
. Detoxify harmful substances
| . Break down free radicals
70
What is the cytoskeleton
Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm
71
What does the cytoskeleton do
Provides the cell with an internal framework
72
What are the 3 kinds of elements in the cytoskeleton
. Microfilaments
. Intermediate filaments
. Microtubules
73
What are centrioles made up of
Microtubules
74
What do centrioles do
Direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
75
Cilia move what
Materials across the cell surface
76
Where are cilia located
In the respiratory system to move mucus
77
What do flagella do
Propel the cell
78
What is the only flagella propeller human cell
Sperm
79
What are microvilli
Tiny, finger like extensions of the plasma membrane
80
What do microvilli do
Increase the surface area for absorption
81
What is a solution
A homogeneous mixture of two or more components
82
What are the 2 types of solutions
. Solvent
| . Solutes
83
What is a solvent
Dissolving medium
84
What are solutes
Components in smaller quantities within a solution
85
What is intracellular fluid
Fluid in the interior of the cell
86
What’s extracellular fluid
Fluid on the exterior of the cell
87
What is the plasma membrane
A selectively permeable barrier
88
What does the plasma membrane do
Sort through the materials coming through
89
What are the 2 basic methods of membrane transport
. Passive processes
| . Active processes
90
Passive processes requires what
No energy
91
Active processes must what
Provide metabolic energy (ATP) for transport
92
What are the 2 passive processes
. Diffusion
| . Filtration
93
What is diffusion
When a molecule movement is from high concentration to low concentration
94
What is osmosis
A diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
95
Osmosis used what channel protein
Aquaporin
96
What causes a isotonic solutions
Same solute and water concentrations as cells
97
What happens in isotonic solutions
Nothing happens in the cell
98
What causes a hypertonic solutions
When there are more solutes than cells
99
What happens in a hypertonic solution
Cells shrink
100
What happens when hypertonic solutions contain fewer solutes than cells
The cell expands
101
What happens during filtration
Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure from high pressure areas to lower pressure areas
102
Why is filtration critical
For kidneys to work properly
103
What is ATP used for
Transport
104
What are the 3 things active processes are used for
. Substances are too large
. Substances may not be lipid soluble
. Substances may have to move against a concentration gradient
105
What is vesicular transport
When substances are moved across the membrane in bulk without actually crossing the plasma membrane
106
What are the 2 types of vesicular transport
. Exocytosis
| . Endocytosis
107
What happens during exocytosis
Material is carried in a membranous sac called a vehicle that migrated to and combines with the plasma membrane
108
Where are the contents of the vesicle emptied
Outside the membranous sac
109
What happens during endocytosis
Extracellular substances are enclosed in a membranous vesicle and moved into the cell
110
What are the 2 types of endocytosis
. Phagocytosis
| . Pinocytosis
111
What happens during phagocytosis
The cell engulfs large particles
112
What happens during pinocytosis
The cell gulps droplets extracellular fluid
113
What is the cell life cycle
A series of changes the cell experiences from the time it is formed until it divides
114
What are the 2 major cell life cycle periods
. Interphase
| . Cell division
115
What are the 2 things that happen during interphase
. Cell grows
| . Carries on metabolic processes
116
What are the 2 things that happen during cell division
. Cell reproduces itself
| . Produce more cells for growth and repair
117
What does DNA contain
Deoxyribose and bases
118
What are the 4 bases of DNA
. Adenine
. Thymine
. Cytosine
. Guanine
119
When does DNA replicate
Before cell division
120
Why must each cell contain DNA
So a copy of the cell can be made
121
What is the preparation for DNA replication
Genetic material is duplicated and readies a cell for division into 2 cells
122
Adenine pairs with what
Thymine
123
Cytosine pairs with what
Guanine
124
What are the 5 parts of cell division
```
. Mitosis
. Prophase
. Metaphase
. Anaphase
. Telophase
. Cytokinesis
```
125
What is mitosis
Division of the nucleus which results in two daughter nuclei
126
What are the 4 things that happen during prophase
. Chromatin coils into chromosomes
. Chromatids are held together by a centromere
. Nuclear envelope and nucleoli are broke down
. Mitotic spindle starts to form
127
What happens during meta phase
Chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell on the metaphase plate
128
What are the 2 things that happen during anaphase
. Centromere split
| . Chromatids move apart towards opposite ends of cell
129
When is anaphase over
When the chromosomes stop moving
130
What are the 3 things that happen during telophase
. Chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin
. Nuclear envelope reforms around chromatin
. Nucleoli appear in each of the daughter nuclei
131
What are the 2 things that happen during cytokinesis
. Division of cytoplasm
| . A cleavage furrow forms to pinch the cells into 2 parts
