Chapter 7 - Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Freudian model of memory

A
  • All memories remain permanently intact but may be “repressed”
  • Some therapists claim to gain access by hypnosis, dream interpretation, etc, which can cause false memory implants (suggestibility), and other negative effects
  • No scientifically acceptable evidence to support it
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2
Q

Videotape model of memory

A
  • Some memories remain intact for a long time, or forever
  • Can be played back like videotape
  • No scientific evidence and lots of contradictory evidence (our memory declines over time)
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3
Q

Eidetic memory

A
  • Known as “photographic” memory, although there’s no evidence anyone has ever had memory that’s instant, passive, effortless, like photocopy.
  • We actively reconstruct our memories
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4
Q

Simple biological model of memory

A
  • Memories are stored in brain

- Not stored in single cell, therefore not susceptible to “decay” if some brain cells die

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5
Q

Role of Amygdala in memory

A
  • Associated with emotional memory
  • Emotional memories tend to be stored for a long time
  • Damage to amygdala: patients remember facts but not emotion (esp. fear)
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6
Q

Role of Hippocampus in memory

A
  • Significant for LTM
  • Injury impairs explicit memory
  • Injury causes Anterograde amnesia more commonly than retrograde amnesia
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7
Q

Define: Anterograde Amnesia

A

Inability to form new memories (ie, after injury)

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8
Q

Define: Retrograde Amnesia

A

Inability to remember memories in the past (ie, before accident)

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9
Q

Define: Flashbulb memory

A
  • Extremely vivid memory of emotional memory

- Tend to be way less accurate than we think, because of intense emotions and rehearsal

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10
Q

Cognitive model of memory (in relation to older models)

A
  • Takes good/useful stuff from common sense, videotape (ff, rewind), Freudian (some memories can be difficult to access), biological models.
  • Adds emphasis on practical problems, accounts for anomalies, recognizes physiology
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11
Q

Per cognitive model of memory, how is memory reconstructed?

A
  • No individual brain cell for each memory

- Memories are result of reactivating the pattern of neural connections

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12
Q

Define memory distortions

A
  • Info loss and false addition caused by loss of cells and pattern overlap
  • Eg, volunteers waiting in office remembering book but there were none
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13
Q

Three memory stages

A
  • Encoding
  • Storage
  • Retrieval
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14
Q

Define memory Encoding

A
  • Transferring information into a form that can be stored in memory
  • Requires selective attention
  • Use mnemonic devices (First-letter technique; method of loci; pegword method; keyword method)
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15
Q

Define memory Storage

A

-Involves consolidation and long-term-potentiation (LPT)

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16
Q

Define schema

A
  • Organized knowledge structure or mental model, stored in memory
  • Allow us to retrieve examples, make inferences, draw conclusion
  • Are one expl. for paradox of memory
  • When something doesn’t fit schema at encoding: info stands out
  • When something doesn’t fit schema at retrieval: prone to distortion and reconstruction
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17
Q

Define: Retrieval

A
  • Information stored in memory is reconstructed

- Retrieval cues help

18
Q

The Three Memory Systems (Atkinson-Shiffron): Cognitive Model of Memory

A
  • Sensory memory
  • Short-term memory
  • Long-term memory

-Information can be lost at all stages

19
Q

Describe: sensory memory

A
  • Temporary storage
  • Large capacity
  • Very brief (<1 sec. for iconic; 5-10 for echoic)
  • Those with “photographic memory” can hold their iconic memory for longer than normal
20
Q

Describe: short-term memory

A
  • Information we’re currently working on

- Capacity: 7+- 2 items (chunking helps, eg, phone numbers)

21
Q

Define: Proactive Interference

A
  • Old information interfering with creating new memories

- [Remember: word refers temporally to memory being affected ]

22
Q

Define: Retroactive Interference

A
  • New memories interfering with retention of old memories
  • More temporary because old memory is better remembered
  • [Remember: word refers temporally to memory being affected ]
23
Q

Define: working memory

A

-System that allows us to hold and manipulate information

24
Q

Define: Maintenance rehearsal

A

-Memory strategy where you repeat over and over (not the best way)

25
Define: elaborative rehearsal
-Linking stimuli to something meaningful (deeper processing)
26
Define: Long-term memory
- No known limits to capacity - Enduring (minutes to years) information storage - Information loss due to interference, or encoding, consolidation, retrieval failures)
27
Three types of LTM retrieval
- Recognition - Recall - Relearning
28
Define: LTM Recognition
- Previously learned item is selected from a range of alternatives - Role of hippocampus - Eg, multiple choice, police lineup
29
Define: LTM Recall
- Information retrieved from scratch | - Eg, essay question, police interview, serial recall (alphabet, poem)
30
Define: LTM Relearning
- Measuring retention in terms of percentage of time saving for second time you learn something (1st x 60 min VS 2nd x 30 min) - More sensitive measure than recognition or relearning
31
Define: Declarative Memory
-aka Explicit memory -Memories we recall intentionally -Two types: 1-Episodic memory (recollection of events on our lives) 2-Semantic memory (knowledge of facts about the world) -Damage to hippocampus impairs declarative memory
32
Define: Non-declarative memory
-aka Implicit memory -Memories we don't deliberately remember -Four types: [remember 1st one] 1-Procedural memory (how to do things, esp motor skills) 2-Priming (identify a stimulus more quickly after we've encountered a similar stimulus, eg, see QUEEN, more likely to comlplete K___ as KING) 3-Conditioning 4-Habituation
33
Define: Primacy effect
- Tendency to remember stimuli early in list | - Reflects workings of LTM due to rehearsal
34
Define: Recency effect
- Tendency to remember stimuli later in list | - Reflects workings of STM (was there more recently)
35
Define: Von Restorff effect
-Remembering items that are distinctive/stick out
36
Children and memory
- Younger children overestimate their recall ability | - Older are more accurate
37
Implicit memory in infants
- "moving mobile" experiment - 2mo old retained memories for 24 hrs - 3mo old retained for one week - Infantile memory partly due to underdeveloped hippocampus (for LTM and episodic memory)
38
Define: Source monitoring [confusion]
- Misattribution of source of memory | - eg, Father's bedtime stories become your actual memories
39
Define: misinformation effect
- creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading info about event after it takes place - eg, saying car "crashed, bumped, hit, contacted" affects memory of car's speed
40
Optimizing eye-witness testimony
- Sequential is better than simultaneous (photos/lineup) - Person conducting interview should not know who suspect is--bias - Caution witness against guessing - The shorter the time after the event, the better
41
Define: State-dependent vs Context-dependent
- State-dependent: superior memory retrieval when in same psychological/physiological state as during encoding (mood/alcohol, etc) - Context-dependent: superior memory retrieval when in same external context (scuba divers, etc)