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CPSY 102 > Chapter 5 - Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Consciousness

A

Our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, and our mental perspectives

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2
Q

Define: Circadian rhythm

A

Sleep/wakefulness cycle that follows “around a day”

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3
Q

Other biological activities that follow 24-hour cycle

A

Body temp; blood pressure; hormone levels

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4
Q

Body temps at what times?

A

36.1C at 4-5am; 37 at 4-8pm (“Wake up cold”)

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5
Q

Alertness decreases between what times?

A

2-5pm and 2-7am

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6
Q

Define: Ultradian rhythm and give examples

A

Occurs several times per day (hunger; urination)

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7
Q

Define: Infradian rhythm and give examples

A

Exceeds 24-hr pattern (menstruation)

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8
Q

Define: Suprachiasmic Nucleus (SCN)

A

Known as the biological clock

20000 nerves in hypothalamus

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9
Q

How much sleep do we need?

A

7-10h per day

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10
Q

Newborns need how much sleep?

A

> 16h per day

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11
Q

Four things sleep is critical for

A
  • Immune system
  • Memory consolidation
  • Neuronal development
  • Neuronal connectivity
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12
Q

Six effects of sleep deprivation

A
  • Depression
  • Difficulty learning
  • Slowed reaction time
  • Hallucinations
  • Health problems (heart, BP, immune system, diabetes)
  • Weight gain
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13
Q

Dr. Carney of Ryerson?

A

Found links between lack of sleep and obesity

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14
Q

Ways to improve sleep

A
  • Pay attention to eat/drink (caffeine, alcohol)
  • Limit naps
  • Physical exercise
  • Managing stress
  • Pre-bed routine
  • Focus on breathing
  • Cool room
  • Notepad to write down running thoughts
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15
Q

Sleep in predators vs prey

A

Predators sleep more than prey. Prey who can hide well sleep more.

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16
Q

Sleep in small vs large animals

A

Small body mass sleep more

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17
Q

Three hypotheses for why we sleep

A
  1. Repairing/restoring: repair wear and tear; neuronal development and increasing connections; immune system
  2. Survival value: Stopped early humans from going out during low light and at risk from predators
  3. Brains need REM sleep
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18
Q

Stages of sleep (non-REM)

A

Stage 1: Light sleep; theta waves; transition between sleep and waking; myoclonic jerks

Stage 2: Up to 65% of total night’s sleep; sleep spindles & K-complexes

Stage 3&4: Deep sleep; ~25% of sleep (40% in children); delta waves

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19
Q

Define: Sleep Spindles

A

Intense bursts of electrical activity; 12-14 per second (during stage 2)

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20
Q

Define: K-complexes

A

Sharply rising and falling waves (during stage 2)

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21
Q

Define: REM sleep

A

-Rapid Eye Movement; 20-25% total; “paradoxical” or “active” sleep

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22
Q

Physical markers of REM

A

Increased HR; darting closed eyes; paralysis; midde ear muscular activity (MEMA); surge in epinephrine and adrenaline

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23
Q

When does REM happen?

A
  • At about 90 in into sleep cycle
  • After 2 or 3 cycles, no more stage 4
  • First REM is 10-15 min but gets progressively longer
  • % REM stays same with age but quality and quantity changes (links to brain maturation)
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24
Q

Necessity of REM?

A
  • Deprivation causes irritability, attention lapses, difficulty concentrating; death in rats
  • Importance might be REM’s role in dreaming (80% awakened during REM reported dreaming)
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25
Define: REM rebound
- Lost REM tends to be made up the next night | - May cause more nightmares
26
Freudian view of dreams
- "Wish fulfillment" - Allow us to act on our wishes and desires - Manifest content (actual details of dream) VS Latent content (true hidden meaning) - BUT mostly rejected: - Negative content is more common - Sexual dreams are relatively rare - Most dreams are straightforward, everyday
27
Define: Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis of Dreaming
- Surges of acetylcholine activate neurons on pons which turns on REM (triggering dreams) - Meanwhile serotonin and norepinephrine shut down thereby decreasing attention cognitive reasoning. - Forebrain attempts to make sense of the random patterns of activity
28
Damage to what part of brain can eliminate dreaming?
Forebrain, especially parietal lobe; even when pons is intact
29
Define: Neurocognitive Perspective on Dreaming
- Dreams are meaningful product of our cognitive capacities - Dreams are fairly consistent over time so neurotransmitters and random neural impulses don't tell the whole story - Evidence from journal logs shows that dream contents are relevant to everyday issues
30
General consensus on Sleep & Dreaming:
-Acetylcholine triggers REM + Forebrain plays an important role
31
Dreams perform what higher functions?
PLIRP/ RIP LP - Processing emotional exp - Learning new strategies - Integrating - Reorganizing and consolidating - Practice responses
32
Define: Insomnia
- Difficulty falling, staying asleep; restless, poor sleep - Causes distress and daytime impairment - Treat: change sleep environment and routine
33
Define: Narcolepsy
- Rapid and unexpected onset of sleep - Sudden attacks of REM (10-20 min) - Excessive daytime sleepiness
34
Define: Sleep apnea
- Periods when breathing stops and person is awakened to breathe - Snoring and Excessive daytime sleepiness - Being overweight - Treat: CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) machine
35
Define: Parasomnias
- Category of sleep disorders that happen during sleep or between stages - Abnormal behaviour, movements, perception, etc
36
Define: Nightmare
- "Bad dream" - Occurs toward morning, in REM - Causes: sleep deprivation; drugs; stress
37
Define: Night Terror
- Mostly in children - Awakening in extreme state of panic - NREM sleep (esp. 3&4)
38
Define: Sleepwalking
- "Somnombulism" - Mostly in children - Rises and wanders during sleep - NREM sleep (esp. 3&4)
39
Define: Psychoactive Drug
-A substance that affects behaviour and mental process through alteration of conscious awareness
40
Symptoms of Addiction to drug:
- Intense urge - Having to take regularly - Making sure to have steady supply - Not meeting obligations - Continuing use despite health, legal, financial, social problems - Risky behaviour to obtain - Failing attempts to stop - Withdrawal symptoms
41
Define: Stimulant; and give examples
- Increase activity of CNS - "Uppers": increase BP, resp., and HR - Caffeine; Nicotine; Cocaine; Methamphetamine; Adderal; Ritalin; Concerta; "Bath Salts"
42
How does nicotine work?
- Activates receptors sensitive to Acetylcholine, leading to relaxation and alertness - Builds tolerance in hours
43
How does cocaine work?
- Blocks reuptake of Dopamine; stimulates reward or pleasure centres - Drug of choice for animals addicted to multiple drugs - Intense up and down
44
How do amphetamines work?
- Blocks reuptake of AND releases Dopamine in synaptic cleft | - "Superhuman" feelings; crawling sensations' tooth decay
45
Define: Depressants; and give examples
- Slow down CNS activity | - Alcohol, Barbituates, Tranquilizers
46
How does alcohol work?
- Interacts with GABA and Glutamate neurotransmitters - Affects the cerebellum, memory formation, impulse control - Correlates with declines in IQ - Causes alcohol hallucinations (auditory and paranoid)
47
What are some tranquilizers, and their consequences?
- Benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax) - Ketamine - Excess use=temporary or permanent memory impairment
48
Define: Opiates and give examples
- Reduce pain, produce euphoria, calming effect, impaired concentration, constipation - Releases dopamine; tolerance builds quickly - Known as narcotics - Opium, heroin, morphine, codeine, Oxycontin, Vicodin, Fentanyl
49
Define: Hallucinogens/Psychedelics and give examples
- Affect perception and distort reality | - Marijuana, LSD, MDMA
50
Discuss marijuana (components, effects)
- Tetrahydocannabinol: Pain reliever; anti-nausea; appetite stim; sleep aid - Cannabidiol (CBD): Anti-inflammatory; anti-epileptic; anti-anxiety; anti-nausea - Dry mouth; red eyes; impairs attention, coordination; memory, reaction time; sensitivity to sound and colour - Chronic, early, and heavy use: associated with amotivational syndrome and impaired cognitive function
51
Marijuana onset, max effect, duration; inhaled and oral
- Inhaled: >15min; >15 min; 3-4 h | - Oral: 30-90min; 2-3 h; 4-8 h
52
Discuss LSD
- Lysergic acid diethylamide - Kaleidoscope colours, mystical experiences - Mimics and interferes with serotonin at synapse
53
Discuss MDMA
- Has both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties | - Releases serotonin
54
Define: Agonist
-Psychoactive drugs that increase neurotransmitter receptor site activity
55
Two drugs that are agonists and how they work
- THC has similar properties to Anandamine (involved with pain, depression, appetite, memory) - Opiates act like Endorphins (euphoria, no pain, all good)
56
Two drugs that release neurotransmitters and/or block reuptake
- Cocaine blocks reuptake | - Amphetamines increase dopamine and block reuptake
57
Define: Nucleus Accumbens
-In limbic region; influenced by dopamine to play role in reward and reinforcement
58
Define: Physical dependence
-Caused by tolerance built as body's natural protective mechanism
59
Define: Tolerance
-Reduction in effect of drug; need to consume more to have same effect
60
Define: Psychological dependence; how to treat
- Craving or urge for pleasurable effects - Harder to combat than physical dependence - Replace old behaviour with new one
61
Define: Withdrawal symptoms
- Both physical and psychological - Usually exact opposite of effects of drug - After ~2-3 - Delirium: disorientation, confusion, terrifying hallucinations - Vomiting, sweating, etc

CPSY 102 (11 decks)

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