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CPSY 102 > Chapter 5 - Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Consciousness

A

Our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, and our mental perspectives

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2
Q

Define: Circadian rhythm

A

Sleep/wakefulness cycle that follows “around a day”

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3
Q

Other biological activities that follow 24-hour cycle

A

Body temp; blood pressure; hormone levels

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4
Q

Body temps at what times?

A

36.1C at 4-5am; 37 at 4-8pm (“Wake up cold”)

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5
Q

Alertness decreases between what times?

A

2-5pm and 2-7am

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6
Q

Define: Ultradian rhythm and give examples

A

Occurs several times per day (hunger; urination)

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7
Q

Define: Infradian rhythm and give examples

A

Exceeds 24-hr pattern (menstruation)

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8
Q

Define: Suprachiasmic Nucleus (SCN)

A

Known as the biological clock

20000 nerves in hypothalamus

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9
Q

How much sleep do we need?

A

7-10h per day

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10
Q

Newborns need how much sleep?

A

> 16h per day

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11
Q

Four things sleep is critical for

A
  • Immune system
  • Memory consolidation
  • Neuronal development
  • Neuronal connectivity
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12
Q

Six effects of sleep deprivation

A
  • Depression
  • Difficulty learning
  • Slowed reaction time
  • Hallucinations
  • Health problems (heart, BP, immune system, diabetes)
  • Weight gain
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13
Q

Dr. Carney of Ryerson?

A

Found links between lack of sleep and obesity

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14
Q

Ways to improve sleep

A
  • Pay attention to eat/drink (caffeine, alcohol)
  • Limit naps
  • Physical exercise
  • Managing stress
  • Pre-bed routine
  • Focus on breathing
  • Cool room
  • Notepad to write down running thoughts
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15
Q

Sleep in predators vs prey

A

Predators sleep more than prey. Prey who can hide well sleep more.

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16
Q

Sleep in small vs large animals

A

Small body mass sleep more

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17
Q

Three hypotheses for why we sleep

A
  1. Repairing/restoring: repair wear and tear; neuronal development and increasing connections; immune system
  2. Survival value: Stopped early humans from going out during low light and at risk from predators
  3. Brains need REM sleep
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18
Q

Stages of sleep (non-REM)

A

Stage 1: Light sleep; theta waves; transition between sleep and waking; myoclonic jerks

Stage 2: Up to 65% of total night’s sleep; sleep spindles & K-complexes

Stage 3&4: Deep sleep; ~25% of sleep (40% in children); delta waves

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19
Q

Define: Sleep Spindles

A

Intense bursts of electrical activity; 12-14 per second (during stage 2)

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20
Q

Define: K-complexes

A

Sharply rising and falling waves (during stage 2)

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21
Q

Define: REM sleep

A

-Rapid Eye Movement; 20-25% total; “paradoxical” or “active” sleep

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22
Q

Physical markers of REM

A

Increased HR; darting closed eyes; paralysis; midde ear muscular activity (MEMA); surge in epinephrine and adrenaline

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23
Q

When does REM happen?

A
  • At about 90 in into sleep cycle
  • After 2 or 3 cycles, no more stage 4
  • First REM is 10-15 min but gets progressively longer
  • % REM stays same with age but quality and quantity changes (links to brain maturation)
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24
Q

Necessity of REM?

A
  • Deprivation causes irritability, attention lapses, difficulty concentrating; death in rats
  • Importance might be REM’s role in dreaming (80% awakened during REM reported dreaming)
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25
Q

Define: REM rebound

A
  • Lost REM tends to be made up the next night

- May cause more nightmares

26
Q

Freudian view of dreams

A
  • “Wish fulfillment”
  • Allow us to act on our wishes and desires
  • Manifest content (actual details of dream) VS Latent content (true hidden meaning)
  • BUT mostly rejected:
  • Negative content is more common
  • Sexual dreams are relatively rare
  • Most dreams are straightforward, everyday
27
Q

Define: Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis of Dreaming

A
  • Surges of acetylcholine activate neurons on pons which turns on REM (triggering dreams)
  • Meanwhile serotonin and norepinephrine shut down thereby decreasing attention cognitive reasoning.
  • Forebrain attempts to make sense of the random patterns of activity
28
Q

Damage to what part of brain can eliminate dreaming?

A

Forebrain, especially parietal lobe; even when pons is intact

29
Q

Define: Neurocognitive Perspective on Dreaming

A
  • Dreams are meaningful product of our cognitive capacities
  • Dreams are fairly consistent over time so neurotransmitters and random neural impulses don’t tell the whole story
  • Evidence from journal logs shows that dream contents are relevant to everyday issues
30
Q

General consensus on Sleep & Dreaming:

A

-Acetylcholine triggers REM + Forebrain plays an important role

31
Q

Dreams perform what higher functions?

A

PLIRP/ RIP LP

  • Processing emotional exp
  • Learning new strategies
  • Integrating
  • Reorganizing and consolidating
  • Practice responses
32
Q

Define: Insomnia

A
  • Difficulty falling, staying asleep; restless, poor sleep
  • Causes distress and daytime impairment
  • Treat: change sleep environment and routine
33
Q

Define: Narcolepsy

A
  • Rapid and unexpected onset of sleep
  • Sudden attacks of REM (10-20 min)
  • Excessive daytime sleepiness
34
Q

Define: Sleep apnea

A
  • Periods when breathing stops and person is awakened to breathe
  • Snoring and Excessive daytime sleepiness
  • Being overweight
  • Treat: CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) machine
35
Q

Define: Parasomnias

A
  • Category of sleep disorders that happen during sleep or between stages
  • Abnormal behaviour, movements, perception, etc
36
Q

Define: Nightmare

A
  • “Bad dream”
  • Occurs toward morning, in REM
  • Causes: sleep deprivation; drugs; stress
37
Q

Define: Night Terror

A
  • Mostly in children
  • Awakening in extreme state of panic
  • NREM sleep (esp. 3&4)
38
Q

Define: Sleepwalking

A
  • “Somnombulism”
  • Mostly in children
  • Rises and wanders during sleep
  • NREM sleep (esp. 3&4)
39
Q

Define: Psychoactive Drug

A

-A substance that affects behaviour and mental process through alteration of conscious awareness

40
Q

Symptoms of Addiction to drug:

A
  • Intense urge
  • Having to take regularly
  • Making sure to have steady supply
  • Not meeting obligations
  • Continuing use despite health, legal, financial, social problems
  • Risky behaviour to obtain
  • Failing attempts to stop
  • Withdrawal symptoms
41
Q

Define: Stimulant; and give examples

A
  • Increase activity of CNS
  • “Uppers”: increase BP, resp., and HR
  • Caffeine; Nicotine; Cocaine; Methamphetamine; Adderal; Ritalin; Concerta; “Bath Salts”
42
Q

How does nicotine work?

A
  • Activates receptors sensitive to Acetylcholine, leading to relaxation and alertness
  • Builds tolerance in hours
43
Q

How does cocaine work?

A
  • Blocks reuptake of Dopamine; stimulates reward or pleasure centres
  • Drug of choice for animals addicted to multiple drugs
  • Intense up and down
44
Q

How do amphetamines work?

A
  • Blocks reuptake of AND releases Dopamine in synaptic cleft

- “Superhuman” feelings; crawling sensations’ tooth decay

45
Q

Define: Depressants; and give examples

A
  • Slow down CNS activity

- Alcohol, Barbituates, Tranquilizers

46
Q

How does alcohol work?

A
  • Interacts with GABA and Glutamate neurotransmitters
  • Affects the cerebellum, memory formation, impulse control
  • Correlates with declines in IQ
  • Causes alcohol hallucinations (auditory and paranoid)
47
Q

What are some tranquilizers, and their consequences?

A
  • Benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax)
  • Ketamine
  • Excess use=temporary or permanent memory impairment
48
Q

Define: Opiates and give examples

A
  • Reduce pain, produce euphoria, calming effect, impaired concentration, constipation
  • Releases dopamine; tolerance builds quickly
  • Known as narcotics
  • Opium, heroin, morphine, codeine, Oxycontin, Vicodin, Fentanyl
49
Q

Define: Hallucinogens/Psychedelics and give examples

A
  • Affect perception and distort reality

- Marijuana, LSD, MDMA

50
Q

Discuss marijuana (components, effects)

A
  • Tetrahydocannabinol: Pain reliever; anti-nausea; appetite stim; sleep aid
  • Cannabidiol (CBD): Anti-inflammatory; anti-epileptic; anti-anxiety; anti-nausea
  • Dry mouth; red eyes; impairs attention, coordination; memory, reaction time; sensitivity to sound and colour
  • Chronic, early, and heavy use: associated with amotivational syndrome and impaired cognitive function
51
Q

Marijuana onset, max effect, duration; inhaled and oral

A
  • Inhaled: >15min; >15 min; 3-4 h

- Oral: 30-90min; 2-3 h; 4-8 h

52
Q

Discuss LSD

A
  • Lysergic acid diethylamide
  • Kaleidoscope colours, mystical experiences
  • Mimics and interferes with serotonin at synapse
53
Q

Discuss MDMA

A
  • Has both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties

- Releases serotonin

54
Q

Define: Agonist

A

-Psychoactive drugs that increase neurotransmitter receptor site activity

55
Q

Two drugs that are agonists and how they work

A
  • THC has similar properties to Anandamine (involved with pain, depression, appetite, memory)
  • Opiates act like Endorphins (euphoria, no pain, all good)
56
Q

Two drugs that release neurotransmitters and/or block reuptake

A
  • Cocaine blocks reuptake

- Amphetamines increase dopamine and block reuptake

57
Q

Define: Nucleus Accumbens

A

-In limbic region; influenced by dopamine to play role in reward and reinforcement

58
Q

Define: Physical dependence

A

-Caused by tolerance built as body’s natural protective mechanism

59
Q

Define: Tolerance

A

-Reduction in effect of drug; need to consume more to have same effect

60
Q

Define: Psychological dependence; how to treat

A
  • Craving or urge for pleasurable effects
  • Harder to combat than physical dependence
  • Replace old behaviour with new one
61
Q

Define: Withdrawal symptoms

A
  • Both physical and psychological
  • Usually exact opposite of effects of drug
  • After ~2-3
  • Delirium: disorientation, confusion, terrifying hallucinations
  • Vomiting, sweating, etc

CPSY 102 (11 decks)

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