Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CPSY 102 > Chapter 3 - Biological Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Biological Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

How many nerve cells in the brain?

A

~100 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define: dendrites

A

-Extensions that receive information from neighbouring neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are spines on dendrites for?

Result of lack of spines?

A
  • Increase surface area

- Down syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define: Soma

A
  • Cell body

- Integrates information from dendrites then passes it along axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define: Axon

A
  • Think “axe”; a thing that goes away from the body!
  • Long extension leading away from soma
  • Covered with myelin sheath
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define: Axon Hillock

A
  • Think “hill”; the culmination of something

- Last site on soma where synaptic inputs are summed before going down axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define: Myelin sheath

A
  • Fatty glial cells that insulates axons

- Improves speed and strength of signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define: Axon terminal (or terminal button)

A
  • Knob at the end of the axon

- Transmits signals to dendrites, cell bodes, muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define: Synapse

A
  • Entire junction where axon terminal communicates with receiving neuron across synaptic cleft
  • 100 trillion of them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define: Synaptic cleft

A

-Actual space between neurons (axon and receptor site)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define: Synaptic vesicles

A
  • Spherical sacs containing neurotransmitters

- small NTs made onsite; lg. NTs made in soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define: Glial cells

A
  • Support cells

- promote healing, clearing debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which disease is caused by demyelination?

A

Multiple sclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Two kinds of myelinating glial cells?

A
  • Schwann cells (PNS) [Think Schwinn tires psi)

- Oligodendrocytes (CNS) [Think oligarchy=Central]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define: Blood Brain Barrier

A
  • Glial cells (astrocytes) wrapped around brain blood vessels and capillaries
  • Don’t let through large or water soluble molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are neurons responding to, by generating electrical activity?

A

Neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define: Resting potential

A
  • When no NTs are acting on neuron but ready to fire
  • polarized, selectively permeable membrane
  • negative 60mV charge on inside of neuron
  • +and- particles flowing back and forth membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define: Threshold

A
  • Stimulation from sensory receptor or another neuron causes a change in membrane permeability, and degree of polarity
  • When electrical charge gets high enough compared to outside (~55mV)
  • Causes action potential
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which kind of ions are inside and outside neuron in resting potential?

A

Outside: Na+ [Think “on” or outside the cell]
Inside: K+ and negative protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define: Action potential

A

-Electrical impulse that travels down axon and triggers release of NTs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Three rules to action potentials

A
  • TAA [Think “ta-ta, buh-bye, no stopping me now”]
    1. Threshold
    2. All-or-none phenomenon
    3. Absolute refractory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Regarding threshold, intensity of stimulation within a single neuron is communicated by…

A

the RATE of firing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Regarding threshold, intensity in the nervous system overall is communicated by…

A

the RATE of firing and NUMBER of neurons firing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define and explain what it does: Absolute refractory

A
  • Tim;e when another action potential is impossible
  • Limits firing rate
  • AP propagates only in one direction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Give 6 steps of action potential.

A
  1. Threshold of excitation; Na+ begins to enters cell; voltage spikes
  2. K+ begins to leave cell
  3. Na+ channels become refractory; no more Na+ enters cell.
  4. K+ continues to leave cell; voltage drops to resting level.
  5. K+ channels close; Na+ channels reset
  6. Voltage is below resting from extra K+; K+ diffuses away; voltage rises slightly to resting potential
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define: Nodes of Ranvier

A
  • Gaps in myelination on axon where ion flow occurs to regenerate and speed up signal.
  • “Saltatory conduction” [Think “sauter” or jumping]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Define: Presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

A
  • Presynaptic is sending neuron

- Postsynaptic is receiving neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

3 steps of Neurotransmission

A
  1. Release NT
  2. Binding of NT
  3. Stopping NT activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Factors determining excitatory or inhibitory action of NT depends on…

A

where and how much is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Roles of 4 NTs

A

Dopamine: motor function and reward (too much=schizophrenia; too little=parkinsons)
Serotonin: mood and temperature regulation; aggression; sleep cycles
Acetylcholine: Muscle contraction (PNS); Cortical arousal (CNS)
Norepinephrine: Brain arousal; mood, hunger, sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

3 ways NTs are inactivated

A
  • 90% by re-uptake into presynaptic neuron
  • Enzymes (MonoamineoxidASE; acetylcholinestrASE)
  • Drift away
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Division of nervous system

A

CNS>Brain (forebrain, brainstem)/Spinal cord

PNS>Autonomic (sympathetic, parasympathetic)/Somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Define: forebrain/cerebrum

A
  • Several structures involved in sensory-info processing, memory, learning, emotion
  • Includes cerebral cortex
  • Includes corpus callosum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Define: corpus callosum

A

-Thick band of connecting and communicating fibres, connecting R and L hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Name the four lobes of the cortex

A

Lobes:

  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

General functions of the frontal lobe

A
  • Executive functioning
  • Complex thoughts and process
  • Motor function
  • Language
  • Memory
37
Q

Frontal lobe parts and what they do

A

-Pre-frontal cortex: thinking, planning, language
(PF cortex includes Broca’s area on left side; important for language;damage causes brocas aphasia or speechlessness)
-Motor cortex in the back half (movement)

38
Q

Parietal lobe (generally)

A
  • Involved in coordinating sensory information

- Perception of space, and numbers

39
Q

Injuries to parietal lobe

A
  • Left: Acalculia (difficulty with numbers and math)

- Right: Contralateral neglect (ignore opposite side of body)

40
Q

What seperates frontal and parietal lobe?

A

Central sulcus

41
Q

Temporal lobe (generally)

A
  • Hearing and language comprehension

- Storing memories of our past

42
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

-Detection of discrete qualities of sound like pitch, volume

43
Q

Auditory association cortex

A

-Processing and analyzing sounds

44
Q

Wernicke’s area damage

A

-Difficulty understanding speech

45
Q

What separates temporal lobe from rest of cortex?

A

-Sylvian fissure (lateral fissure, lateral sulcus)

46
Q

Occipital lobe (generally)

A

-Associated with vision

47
Q

Define: Primary visual cortex

A

-receives nerve impulses from visual thalamus

48
Q

Define: Visual association cortex

A

-Analyzes visual date to form images

49
Q

Occipital lobe injury

A
  • Blindness

- Hallucinations

50
Q

Basal ganglia (generally)

A
  • Involved in voluntary controlled movement

- Initiation of movement by reward anticipation

51
Q

Basal ganglia injury

A

-Parkinson’s disease

52
Q

Brainstem. What and where is it?

A
  • Primitive part of brain
  • Between spinal cord and cerebral cortex
  • Contains mid brain and hind brain (medulla, pons, cerebellum)
53
Q

What are the parts of the brain stem?

A

-Midbrain and hindbrain (medulla, pons, cerebellum)

54
Q

Define: Midbrain

A
  • Part of brainstem between forebrain and hindbrain

- Help mediate sensory and movement information; reflexes triggered by sound

55
Q

What is the Reticular Activating system?

A
  • Key role in arousal
  • Increases signal to noise ratio to cortex
  • Associated with ADHD
56
Q

Which part of brain might ADHD be related to and why?

A
  • RAS (reticular activating system)

- Along with prefrontal cortex

57
Q

Loss of neurons in midbrain are related to:

A

Schizophrenia and Parkinson’s

58
Q

3 parts of the hindbrain

A
  • Medulla
  • Pons
  • Cerebellum (Alcohol acts on it)
59
Q

Define: Medulla

A
  • Heart shaped [think “medal”]
  • Automatic control centre: breathing, heartbeat, swallowing, vomiting
  • Alcohol acts on it (can cause death)
60
Q

Define: Pons

A
  • [Think “bridge”]
  • Connects cerebellum to cortex
  • Involved with dreaming and body movement
61
Q

Define: cerebellum

A
  • “Little brain”
  • Balance and coordination
  • Alcohol acts on it
62
Q

Cerebral ventricles

A
  • Encapsulate brain and spinal cord in CFS
  • 4 of them
  • Protect from injury
  • buoyancy
  • Provides nutrients
  • Eliminates waste
63
Q

Spinal cord

A
  • sensory nerves travel up and down

- Spinal reflexes (don’t require brain to respond)

64
Q

Two parts of the Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • Somatic

- Autonomic

65
Q

Define: Somatic nervous system

A
  • Carries messages from CNS to control and coordinate voluntary movement
  • Stimulates muscle contraction with specialized cells
  • Sensory nerves in muscles (toward CNS)
  • Motor nerves (away from CNS)
66
Q

Two parts of the Autonomic Nervous System and what they do

A
  • Sympathetic [think “has sypathy, so reacts”]: Fight or flight, HR, breathing, sweating, pupils dilating.
  • Parasympathetic: during rest and digestion
67
Q

Define: Limbic System

A
  • Emotional centre of brain

- Also memory, motivation, smell

68
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Master regulator of temperature, hunger, thirst, etc
  • Controls Pituitary gland (master gland)
  • Controls Oxytocin: love hormone, milk, trust, dilate cervix
  • Controls Vasoppressin: regulates water retention by kidneys
69
Q

Amygdala

A
  • [Think “almond” cyanide=fear]
  • Fear/fear conditioning
  • Damage: inability to recognize fearful expressions
70
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • [Think “hungry hippos” gathering memories in space]
  • Memory formation, especially spacial
  • Contributes to fear conditioning (with Amyg. and PFC)
71
Q

Thalamus

A
  • [Think “salle” or relay room”]

- Relays sensory information to cerebral cortex

72
Q

Phrenology

A
  • Bumps on head associated with psych. traits

- Falsified

73
Q

What did case studies of brain damage do for brain mapping?

A

-Allowed us to study brain functioning by following lesions

74
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A
  • Recording electrical activity at surface of brain
  • High temporal resolution
  • Low spatial resolution
75
Q

Computed Tomography (CT)

A
  • Structural
  • Multiple xrays to make 3D images
  • Cheaper
  • Good for bony structures
76
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A
  • Structural
  • applied magnetic fields release energy from hydrogen atoms, which is measured
  • Better for soft tissue
  • No rad
77
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A
  • Functional
  • Inject radioactive glucose water
  • Measure uptake in tissues
78
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI) and Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD)

A
  • Functional
  • Magnetic fields based on changes in oxygenated blodd flow
  • Low res, shows changes over time
79
Q

Define: Contralaterality

A

-Left side controls right side and vice versa

80
Q

Define: Cerebral dominance

A
  • One side is superior for certain basic funtions

- Handedness

81
Q

Define: Hemispheric asymmetry or Lateralization

A
  • Some support for specialization of some functions on one hemisphere or another
  • No support for left/right brained people
82
Q

Left Hemisphere specialization:

A

Language
Math
Logic
Coordinate complex movements

83
Q

Right Hemisphere specialization

A

Visual/auditory patterns
Spatial orientation
Artistic/musical
Recognize emotions

84
Q

Define: Plasticity

A

Ability to change in response to environmental stimulation

85
Q

Sensitive period

A

-Easier to acquire certain skills but not impossible outside this period

86
Q

Critical period

A

-Necessary period to acquire given skill

87
Q

5 types of brain plasticity

A
  1. Neurogenesis (new cells)
  2. Migration (guided by glial cells)
  3. Synaptogenesis (+dendritic branching)
  4. Myelination
  5. Pruning (inadequate linked to infantile autism)
88
Q

Brain volume growth and cortical convolutions happen:

A

prenatally

89
Q

myelination of brain happens…

A

postnatally

CPSY 102 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions