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CPSY 102 > Chapter 6 - Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Classical Conditioning

A
  • Simplest form of learning
  • Demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov
  • Previously neutral stimuli can come to elicit new autonomic responses when paired with naturally effective stimuli
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2
Q

Define: US, UR, CS, CR

A

-US: Unconditioned Stimulus; stimulus that reflexively causes response without conditioning
-UR: Unconditioned Response; response to nonneutral stimulus that does not need to be learned
-CS: Conditioned Stimulus; previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit response through association with US
CR: Conditioned Response; response previously elicited by US now also elicited by CS

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3
Q

Define: Extinction

A

-Loss of CS effectiveness when repeatedly presented without US

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4
Q

Define: Spontaneous Recovery

A

-Renewed effectiveness of the CS without additional pairings with US; but at a lower level than previous peak response

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5
Q

Define: Stimulus Generalization

A

-Recognizing similar stimuli to original CS as effective CSs; but at a lower rate

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6
Q

Define: Stimulus Discrimiation

A

-Not recognizing dissimilar stimuli to original CS as effective CSs; limit to how different a stimulus can be

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7
Q

Define: Higher-Order Conditioning

A

-Developing a CR to a CS by its association with another CS

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8
Q

Explain how drug addiction and classical conditioning can interact to cause overdose

A
  • Shep Siegel at McMaster
  • Conditioned Compensatory Response increases tolerance in familiar environments
  • When familiar environment is removed, compensatory response does not occur and tolerance goes down=possible overdose
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9
Q

Factors influencing Classical Conditioning

A

NIRT

  • Number of pairings of CS and US; more pairings=stronger CR
  • Intensity of US paired with CS; eg., painful dog bite=faster conditioning
  • how Reliable the CS predicts the US; eg., smoke alarm that only goes off when fire=more fear
  • Temporal Relationship between CS and US; fastest conditioning when CS shortly before US
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10
Q

Define: Exposure Therapy

A
  • Using Extinction to gradually reduce the CR

- CS is incrementally presented at increasing levels

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11
Q

Define: Operant Conditioning (vs classical)

A
  • Behaviour is voluntarily emitted (“spontaneously exhibited”) and then followed by effect (reinforcement/punishment)
  • VS Classical, where behaviour is elicited (“triggered”) in response to CS
Classical = Autonomic; John B. Watson
Operant = Voluntary; B.F. Skinner
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12
Q

Define: Reinforcement (RF)

A
  • Anything following a behaviour that increases that behaviour
  • Operationally defined; no value judgement; so “bad” behaviours can be reinforced
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13
Q

Define: Punishment (P)

A
  • Anything following a behaviour that decreases that behaviour
  • Operationally defined; no value judgement; so “good” behaviour can be punished
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14
Q

Define: Positive and Negative in regards to operant conditioning

A
  • Positive=something (stimulus) is presented
  • Negative=something (stimulus) is taken away
  • Both can either be RF(+/-) or P(+/-)
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15
Q

Define: Shaping

A
  • Reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behaviour
  • eg., getting rat to roll over in progressive steps: food only for standing still, lying down, leaning to one side, then finally, rolling over
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16
Q

Define: Two process theory

A

Complex behaviour involves both types of learning and both involve processes like extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination

17
Q

Define: Continuous Reinforcement

A

-The idea that a RF must follow a response every time for max conditioning = wrong

18
Q

Define: Partial reinforcement

A

-Partial or intermittent schedules are better than continuous cond, in the long run

19
Q

Define: Variable Ratio schedule

A
  • Best schedule for maintaining desired behaviour
  • fixed vs variable = variable is best
  • ratio vs interval = ratio is best
20
Q

Define: Fixed; Variable; Ratio; Interval schedules

A
  • Fixed: reinforcement schedule is fixed
  • Variable: reinforcement schedule is variable
  • Ratio: Focus on number of correct responses
  • Interval: Focus on how much time has passed
21
Q

Define: Behaviour Modification

A
  • Application of basic principles of operant conditioning

- Favouring RF(+) over punishment

22
Q

Shortcomings of punishment

A
  • Suppression of overall activity, inrease of subversive behaviour
  • Increased aggression, distrust, anxiety
  • Inappropriate modelling
23
Q

If you must punish, it should be

A
  • (because of few positive behaviours to RF)

- Swift, severe, consistent, explain, make alternative response available, minimize physical punishment

CPSY 102 (11 decks)

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