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Psychology 1 > Chapter 7: Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Schemas

A

organized knowledge structures or mental models that we’ve stored in memory. useful, but tend to oversimplify information

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2
Q

Paradox of memory

A

The same memory mechanisms that serve us well in most situations can sometimes cause problems for us in other situations.

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3
Q

Three processes of memory

A

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

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4
Q

Encoding

A

process of getting information into memory. Requires attending to material.

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5
Q

Storage

A

process of keeping information in memory

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6
Q

Retrieval

A

process of reconstruction of information from memory

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7
Q

“next-in-line” effect

A

The tendency to not remember what the person right in front of/before you said/did, because you were busy thinking about what you were going to say/do

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8
Q

Three R’s

A

Ways of measuring memory? Recall, recognition, and relearning

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9
Q

Recall

A

generating previously remembered material

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10
Q

Recognition

A

selecting previously remember material from a group of options

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11
Q

Relearning

A

how much more quickly we reacquire something we learned before but forgotten

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12
Q

“common objects” effect

A

washington dollar bill example?

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13
Q

mnemonics

A

a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall. Depend on having an existing knowledge store

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14
Q

Pegword method

A

use of rhyming to enhance recall/encode

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15
Q

Method of loci

A

encoding that relies on place imagery

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16
Q

Keyword method

A

a

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17
Q

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

A

a form of retrieval failure where we are sure that we know the answer but can’t come up with it

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18
Q

context-dependent learning

A

better retrieval when the external context of the original memories match the retrieval context

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19
Q

state-dependent learning

A

better retrieval when the organism is in same physiological or psychological state as it was when information was encoded

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20
Q

mood-dependent learning

A

Like state-dependent learning, but specific to mood (psychological state)

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21
Q

retrospective bias

A

our current psychological state can distort memories of our past

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22
Q

H. M.

A

patient

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23
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to encode new memories from our experiences

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24
Q

Retrograde amnesisa

A

loss of memories from our past

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25
memory illusion
a false but subjectively compelling memory
26
Memory
retention of information over time
27
Three systems of memory
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Information moves from sensory to short-term to long-term
28
Sensory memory
Brief storage of perceptual information
29
Iconic memory
Visual sensory memory
30
Echoic memory
Auditory sensory memory
31
Short-term memory
Retains information for brief periods of time. Closely related to working memory
32
working memory
a
33
decay
fading of information from short-term memories over time
34
interference
loss of information from short-term memories due to competition with new, incoming information. Can be retroactive or proactive.
35
Retroactive interference
when learning something new hampers earlier learning.
36
Proactive interference
when earlier learning gets in the way of learning something new.
37
the Magic Number
the span of short-term memory, which is 7 plus or minus 2 pieces of information.
38
Chunking
organizing information into meaningful groups in order to expand the span of short-term memory
39
Rehearsal
repeating information to extend the duration of its retention in short-term memory
40
Maintenance rehearsal
Repeating stimuli in their original form in order to retain them in short-term memory
41
Elaborative rehearsal
linking stimuli together in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory
42
Three levels of processing
Visual, phonological (sound), and semantic (meaning-related)
43
Long-term memory
Relatively enduring retention of information, including facts, experiences and skills
44
Primacy effect
tendency to remember stimuli presented earliest (now in long-term memory)
45
Recency effect
tendency to remember stimuli presented earliest (still in short-term memory)
46
serial position curve
a
47
Explicit memory
Type of long-term memory, the process of recalling information intentionally
48
semantic memory
explicit long-term memory, our knowledge of facts about the world
49
episodic memory
explicit long-term memory, our recollection of events in our lives
50
Implicit memory
type of long-term memory where we recall information that we don't remember deliberately. Includes habituation and classical conditioning
51
procedural memory
implicit long-term memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits
52
priming
type of implicit long-term memory that refers to our ability to identify a stimulus more easily after we've encountered similar stimuli.
53
Failures of retrieval
forgetting. Info is there, but you can't recall
54
retrieval cues
hints that make it easier to recall information
55
encoding specificity
phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions in which we retrieve it are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it.
56
Long-term potentiation
gradual strengthening of connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation. plays a key role in learning
57
engram
idea of a physical trace of memory, but that doesn't really exist.
58
Amygdala
a
59
Hippocampus
f
60
Basal ganglia
a
61
Cerebellum
a
62
Alzheimer's disease
cause of dementia. show memory and language losses and consistent with cortical loss
63
meta-memory
knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations
64
flashbulb memories
emotional memories that are very vivid and detailed, but tend to change over time and often can become inaccurate
65
source monitoring confusion
lack of clarity about the origin of a memory
66
cryptoamnesia
failure to recognize that our ideas originated with someone else.
67
suggestive memory techniques
procedures that encourage patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place
68
misinformation effect
creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it occurs
69
eyewitness testimony
a

Psychology 1 (8 decks)

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