Chapter 7: Memory

Question 1

Schemas

Answer 1

organized knowledge structures or mental models that we’ve stored in memory. useful, but tend to oversimplify information

Question 2

Paradox of memory

Answer 2

The same memory mechanisms that serve us well in most situations can sometimes cause problems for us in other situations.

Question 3

Three processes of memory

Answer 3

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

Question 4

Encoding

Answer 4

process of getting information into memory. Requires attending to material.

Question 5

Storage

Answer 5

process of keeping information in memory

Question 6

Retrieval

Answer 6

process of reconstruction of information from memory

Question 7

“next-in-line” effect

Answer 7

The tendency to not remember what the person right in front of/before you said/did, because you were busy thinking about what you were going to say/do

Question 8

Three R’s

Answer 8

Ways of measuring memory? Recall, recognition, and relearning

Question 9

Recall

Answer 9

generating previously remembered material

Question 10

Recognition

Answer 10

selecting previously remember material from a group of options

Question 11

Relearning

Answer 11

how much more quickly we reacquire something we learned before but forgotten

Question 12

“common objects” effect

Answer 12

washington dollar bill example?

Question 13

mnemonics

Answer 13

a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall. Depend on having an existing knowledge store

Question 14

Pegword method

Answer 14

use of rhyming to enhance recall/encode

Question 15

Method of loci

Answer 15

encoding that relies on place imagery

Question 16

Keyword method

Answer 16

a

Question 17

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Answer 17

a form of retrieval failure where we are sure that we know the answer but can’t come up with it

Question 18

context-dependent learning

Answer 18

better retrieval when the external context of the original memories match the retrieval context

Question 19

state-dependent learning

Answer 19

better retrieval when the organism is in same physiological or psychological state as it was when information was encoded

Question 20

mood-dependent learning

Answer 20

Like state-dependent learning, but specific to mood (psychological state)

Question 21

retrospective bias

Answer 21

our current psychological state can distort memories of our past

Question 22

H. M.

Answer 22

patient

Question 23

anterograde amnesia

Answer 23

inability to encode new memories from our experiences

Question 24

Retrograde amnesisa

Answer 24

loss of memories from our past

Question 25

memory illusion

Answer 25

a false but subjectively compelling memory

Question 26

Memory

Answer 26

retention of information over time

Question 27

Three systems of memory

Answer 27

Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Information moves from sensory to short-term to long-term

Question 28

Sensory memory

Answer 28

Brief storage of perceptual information

Question 29

Iconic memory

Answer 29

Visual sensory memory

Question 30

Echoic memory

Answer 30

Auditory sensory memory

Question 31

Short-term memory

Answer 31

Retains information for brief periods of time. Closely related to working memory

Question 32

working memory

Answer 32

a

Question 33

decay

Answer 33

fading of information from short-term memories over time

Question 34

interference

Answer 34

loss of information from short-term memories due to competition with new, incoming information. Can be retroactive or proactive.

Question 35

Retroactive interference

Answer 35

when learning something new hampers earlier learning.

Question 36

Proactive interference

Answer 36

when earlier learning gets in the way of learning something new.

Question 37

the Magic Number

Answer 37

the span of short-term memory, which is 7 plus or minus 2 pieces of information.

Question 38

Chunking

Answer 38

organizing information into meaningful groups in order to expand the span of short-term memory

Question 39

Rehearsal

Answer 39

repeating information to extend the duration of its retention in short-term memory

Question 40

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 40

Repeating stimuli in their original form in order to retain them in short-term memory

Question 41

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 41

linking stimuli together in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory

Question 42

Three levels of processing

Answer 42

Visual, phonological (sound), and semantic (meaning-related)

Question 43

Long-term memory

Answer 43

Relatively enduring retention of information, including facts, experiences and skills

Question 44

Primacy effect

Answer 44

tendency to remember stimuli presented earliest (now in long-term memory)

Question 45

Recency effect

Answer 45

tendency to remember stimuli presented earliest (still in short-term memory)

Question 46

serial position curve

Answer 46

a

Question 47

Explicit memory

Answer 47

Type of long-term memory, the process of recalling information intentionally

Question 48

semantic memory

Answer 48

explicit long-term memory, our knowledge of facts about the world

Question 49

episodic memory

Answer 49

explicit long-term memory, our recollection of events in our lives

Question 50

Implicit memory

Answer 50

type of long-term memory where we recall information that we don’t remember deliberately. Includes habituation and classical conditioning

Question 51

procedural memory

Answer 51

implicit long-term memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits

Question 52

priming

Answer 52

type of implicit long-term memory that refers to our ability to identify a stimulus more easily after we’ve encountered similar stimuli.

Question 53

Failures of retrieval

Answer 53

forgetting. Info is there, but you can’t recall

Question 54

retrieval cues

Answer 54

hints that make it easier to recall information

Question 55

encoding specificity

Answer 55

phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions in which we retrieve it are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it.

Question 56

Long-term potentiation

Answer 56

gradual strengthening of connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation. plays a key role in learning

Question 57

engram

Answer 57

idea of a physical trace of memory, but that doesn’t really exist.

Question 58

Amygdala

Answer 58

a

Question 59

Hippocampus

Answer 59

f

Question 60

Basal ganglia

Answer 60

a

Question 61

Cerebellum

Answer 61

a

Question 62

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 62

cause of dementia. show memory and language losses and consistent with cortical loss

Question 63

meta-memory

Answer 63

knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations

Question 64

flashbulb memories

Answer 64

emotional memories that are very vivid and detailed, but tend to change over time and often can become inaccurate

Question 65

source monitoring confusion

Answer 65

lack of clarity about the origin of a memory

Question 66

cryptoamnesia

Answer 66

failure to recognize that our ideas originated with someone else.

Question 67

suggestive memory techniques

Answer 67

procedures that encourage patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place

Question 68

misinformation effect

Answer 68

creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it occurs

Question 69

eyewitness testimony

Answer 69

a