Chapter 11: Emotion/Motivation

Question 1

emotion

Answer 1

mental state or feeling associated with our evaluation of our experiences

Question 2

discrete emotions theory

Answer 2

theory that humans only experience a small number of distinct emotions that have biological roots and serve evolutionary functions. They can combine in many complex ways.

Question 3

universal emotions

Answer 3

if evolutionary, emotions should be universal across cultures.

Question 4

7 primary emotions

Answer 4

happiness, disgust, fear, anger, sadness, surprise, and contempt

Question 5

Secondary emotions

Answer 5

different combinations of primary emotions

Question 6

display rules

Answer 6

Cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions.

Question 7

cognitive theories of emotion

Answer 7

theories proposing that emotions are products of thinking

Question 8

James-Lange theory

Answer 8

cognitive theory of emotion proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli

Question 9

somatic marker theory

Answer 9

cognitive theory of emotion proposing that we use our “gut reactions” to help us determine how we should act

Question 10

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 10

cognitive theory of emotion proposing that an emotion-evoking event leads to the simultaneous emotional and bodily reactions

Question 11

two-fact theory

Answer 11

cognitive theory of emotion proposing that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated arousal, followed by an attempt to find an explanation for the arousal.

Question 12

mere exposure effect

Answer 12

phenomenon where repeated exposure to stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorably toward it

Question 13

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 13

theory that blood vessels in face feed back temperature information in the brain, altering our experiences of emotions

Question 14

nonverbal leakage

Answer 14

unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior

Question 15

illustrators

Answer 15

gestures (often with hands) made while talking for emphasis or to highlight what we’re saying.

Question 16

manipulators

Answer 16

gestures we make when we are stressed

Question 17

emblem

Answer 17

culture-specific gestures that convey a certain meaning

Question 18

proxemics

Answer 18

the study of personal space

Question 19

polygraph

Answer 19

a

Question 20

Pinocchio response

Answer 20

supposedly perfect physiological or behavioral indicator of lying

Question 21

broaden and build theory

Answer 21

theory proposing that happiness predisposes us to think more openly

Question 22

affective forecasting

Answer 22

predicting our own and others’ happiness. We’re pretty bad at it.

Question 23

durability bias

Answer 23

belief that our good and bad emotions will last longer than they usually do

Question 24

hedonic treadmill

Answer 24

tendency for our emotions to adapt to external circumstances

Question 25

self-esteem

Answer 25

evaluation of our worth

Question 26

narcissism

Answer 26

personality trait marked by extreme self-centeredness

Question 27

positive illusions

Answer 27

tendencies to perceive ourselves more favorably than others do

Question 28

positive psychology

Answer 28

discipline that tries to emphasize human strengths

Question 29

defensive pessimism

Answer 29

strategy of anticipating failure and then compensating for this by mentally overpreparing for negative outcomes

Question 30

motivation

Answer 30

psychological drives that propel us

Question 31

drive reduction theory

Answer 31

theory proposing that certain drives motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states

Question 32

incentive theories

Answer 32

theories proposing that we are motivated by positive goals

Question 33

intrinsic motivation

Answer 33

motivation by internal goals

Question 34

extrinsic motivation

Answer 34

motivation by external goals

Question 35

primary needs

Answer 35

biological needs

Question 36

secondary needs

Answer 36

psychological desires

Question 37

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 37

a