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Psychology 1 > Chapter 5: Consciouness > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Consciouness Flashcards

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1
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Change in biological processes that happen in 24-hour cycles. Regulated by neurons in the hypothalamus. Examples: hormone release, drowsiness

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2
Q

biological clock

A

Popular term for the area of the hypothalamus that controls levels of alertness.

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3
Q

Sleep debt

A

When you are sleep-deprived for several days, you build this up, and it often takes several day of extra-long sleep to pay off.

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4
Q

How many stages of sleep are there, and how long is one typical cycle?

A

There are 5 stages, and each cycle is typically 90 minutes long.

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5
Q

Rapid Eye Movement (REM)

A

darting back and forth of eyes under closed eyelids when sleeping.

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6
Q

Stage 1 sleep

A

brief, light. Non-REM. brain waves slow down.

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7
Q

Stage 2 sleep

A

Longer, brain waves slow down even more. Non-REM.

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8
Q

Stage 3 and 4 sleep

A

Deep sleep! Slow brain waves

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9
Q

Non-REM sleep

A

stages 1-4, dreaming is less common, slow brain waves.

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10
Q

Stage 5 / REM sleep

A

stage where the brain is the most active and during which vivid dreaming most often occurs.

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11
Q

REM rebound

A

when deprived of REM for a few nights, and finally get a “good” night’s sleep, the amount and intensity of REM sleep increases.

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12
Q

Lucid dreaming

A

The experience of becoming aware that you are dreaming

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13
Q

Insomnia

A

A sleep disorder where the person has trouble falling and/or staying asleep

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14
Q

Narcolepsy

A

A sleep disorder where people experience rapid and often unexpected onset of sleep.

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15
Q

Sleep apnea

A

A sleep disorder that results from a blocked airway during sleep, and so causes the person to wake up many times a night because they struggle to breathe (an so their body wakes them up).

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16
Q

Night terrors

A

Sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming, perspiring, and confusion, followed by a return to deep sleep. More common in children, and they usually don’t remember much about it.

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17
Q

Sleepwalking

A

Walking while asleep

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18
Q

Freud’s Dream Protection Theory

A

Our dreams reflect our aggressive and sexual desires?

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19
Q

Manifest content

A

The actual details of the dream itself. Part of Freud’s dream protection theory.

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20
Q

Latent content

A

The true, hidden meaning of a dream. Part of Freud’s dream protection theory.

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21
Q

Activation-synthesis theory

A

The idea that dreams reflect the brain’s attempt to make sense of random, internally generated stimuli (neural signals that originate in the pons and move to the forebrain).

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22
Q

Neurocognitive theories of dreaming

A

Theories that say that dreams are a meaningful product of our cognitive capacities, which shape what we dream about.

23
Q

Dream continuity hypothesis

A

Hypothesis there our dreams can mirror our life circumstances, and that there is continuity between sleeping and waking experiences

24
Q

Hallucination

A

realistic perceptual experience in the absence of external stimuli. Brain activates in the same way as if the stimuli were present.

25
Q

Out-of-body experience

A

sense of our consciousness leaving our body. Might be explained by a scrambling of sensory information.

26
Q

Near-death experience

A

OBE’s reported by someone who nearly died or thought they were going to die. Differ across cultures.

27
Q

Deja vu

A

strong sense of familiarity regarding a new experience

28
Q

Mystical experience

A

feelings of unity or oneness with the world, often with spiritual overtones.

29
Q

Hypnosis

A

set of techniques that provides people with suggestions for alterations in their perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

30
Q

sociocognitive theory

A

The idea that a person’s approach to hypnosis is based on her attitudes, beliefs, expectations and responsiveness to waking suggestions.

31
Q

Dissociation theory

A

The idea that hypnosis is based on the separation between personality functions that are normally well integrated.

32
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

substances that contain chemicals similar to those naturally found in our brains that alter consciousness by changing chemical processes in neurons

33
Q

4 main types of psychoactive drugs

A

Depressants, stimulants, narcotics, and psychedelics

34
Q

Substance abuse disorder

A

experience recurrent significant impairment or distress associated with drug use.

35
Q

Tolerance

A

Key feature of substance abuse, when people need to consume more of the drug to achieve the same level of intoxication.

36
Q

Withdrawal

A

Unpleasant effects of reducing or stopping consumption of a drug that user had been consuming habitually

37
Q

Physical dependence

A

dependence when people continue to consume the drug in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms

38
Q

Psychological dependence

A

dependence that is motivated by intense cravings (even when it negatively affects their life)

39
Q

Depressants

A

psychoactive drugs that depress/inhibit the central nervous system, including decreasing heart rate and respiration. Cause sleepiness, slower thinking, and impaired concentration

40
Q

Sedative-hypnotics

A

types of depressant, often used to treat anxiety and insomnia. Three classes: barbiturates, nonbarbiturates, and benzodiazepines

41
Q

Sedative

A

depressant drug that exerts a calming effect

42
Q

Hypnotic

A

depressant drug that is sleep-inducing

43
Q

Alcohol

A

A type of depressant. Stimulating effects at small doses, though. Increases GABA inhibition, decreases glutamate excitation.

44
Q

Stimulants

A

psychoactive drugs that stimulate/increase activity in our central nervous system, including increasing heart rate, respiration and blood pressure. Cause sense of alertness, well-being, and energy

45
Q

Nicotine

A

A type of stimulant. Highly addictive. Promotes release of acetylcholine by activating their receptors. Has adjustive value.

46
Q

adjustive value

A

drugs.

47
Q

Cocaine

A

Most powerful natural stimulant. It’s a reinforcer and increases dopamine and possibly serotonin activity (is this the reward pathway stuff?)

48
Q

Amphetamines

A

A type of stimulant that is commonly abused.

49
Q

Methamphetamine

A

Also known as “crystal meth,” chemically similar to amphetamines

50
Q

Narcotics

A

A class of psychoactive drug that relieves pain and induces sleep

51
Q

Opiods/Opiates

A

Type of narcotic drug. Include heroin, morphine and codeine.

52
Q

Psychedelics

A

A class of psychoactive drugs. Also known as hallucinogenic. Cause dramatic alterations of perception, mood, and thought

53
Q

Marijuana

A

Arguably a mild hallucinogen. Contains THC that stimulates cannabinoid receptors in brain, which control pleasure, perception, memory, and coordinated body movements. THC can remove refractory period for neurons, causing them to continue firing.

54
Q

LSD (aka acid)

A

A hallucinogenic drug that affects dopamine, glutamate, adrenergic, and serotonin receptors.

Psychology 1 (8 decks)

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