Chapter 7: Learning, Memory, & Amnesia

Question 1

A relatively permanent change in behavior as a function of training, practice, or experience.

Answer 1

Learning.

Question 2

The process by which we acquire knowledge about the world.

Answer 2

Learning.

Question 3

Three (3) stages of learning.

Answer 3

1. Acquiring
2. Retaining
3. Remembering

Question 4

Stage of learning wherein one masters a new activity.

Answer 4

Acquiring.

Question 5

Stage of learning; _____ the new acquisition for a period of time.

Answer 5

Retaining.

Question 6

Stage of learning; _____ which enables one to reproduce the learned act or memorized material.

Answer 6

Remembering.

Question 7

The process by which knowledge of the world is encoded, stored, and later retrieved.

Answer 7

Memory.

Question 8

The awareness of briefly presented information and perception of its aftereffects.

Answer 8

Sensory memory.

Question 9

Auditory stimuli stored for a few seconds that is necessary for comprehending sounds.

Answer 9

Echoic memory.

Question 10

The visual representation of learning in the environment.

Answer 10

Iconic memory.

Question 11

This retains small amounts of information for a few seconds or less than 30 seconds.

Answer 11

Short term memory.

Question 12

This is a mental storage where we keep our knowledge and experiences for a relatively permanent period of time.

Answer 12

Long term memory.

Question 13

Holds information that are easily verbalized and described such as names of people, concepts, events, and experiences.

Answer 13

Declarative memory.

Question 14

Two (2) subtypes of declarative memory.

Answer 14

1. Semantic memory
2. Episodic memory

Question 15

Holds relatively permanent information that are not easily verbalized.

Answer 15

Procedural memory.

Question 16

Knowledge of facts - people, places, and the things-meaning of these facts; conscious memory.

Answer 16

Explicit memory.

Question 17

Involves information on how to perform something; recalled unconsciously.

Used in trained, reflexive motor or perceptual skills.

Answer 17

Implicit memory.

Question 18

This is stored diffusely throughout the structures of the brain.

Answer 18

Memory storage.

Question 19

Is the cortex of the inferior temporal lobe, involved in the visual perception of objects, and is thought to participate in storing memories of visual patterns.

Answer 19

Inferotemporal cortex.

Question 20

An almond shaped nucleus in the anterior temporal lobe, plays a role in memory for emotional significance of experiences.

Answer 20

Amygdala.

Question 21

It is composed of numerous anatomically distinct areas that have different connections and functions, perform fundamental cognitive processes during all working memory tasks, and is involved in memory for the temporal order of events.

Answer 21

Prefrontal cortex.

Question 22

This is thought to store memories of learned sensorimotor skills.

Answer 22

Cerebellum.

Question 23

It stores memories for consistent relationships between stimuli and responses - the type of memories that develop incrementally over many trials.

Answer 23

Striatum.

Question 24

It forms part of the limbic system which is composed of brain structures that play a role in memory, emotion, and motivation.

Plays a crucial role in the encoding and retrieval of memories.

Answer 24

Hippocampus.

Question 25

Three (3) types of spatial ability.

Answer 25

1. Ability to visualize rotation and flipping over of shapes and diagrams.
2. Ability to reorient objects from different angles.
3. Finding relations between different spatial objects.

Question 26

What helps construct a 3D “mental map” of our surroundings, and is crucial for our ability to move around in the real world?

Answer 26

Hippocampus.

Question 27

Removal of a lobe or major part of one from the brain.

Answer 27

Lobectomy.

Question 28

Separation of a lobe or a major part of one from the rest of the brain by a large cut but is not removed.

Answer 28

Lobotomy.

Question 29

The removal of the medial portions of both temporal lobes, including most of the hippocampus, amygdala, and adjacent cortex.

Answer 29

Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy.

Question 30

A deficit in memory caused by brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma.

Answer 30

Amnesia.

Question 31

The inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an accident or operation.

Answer 31

Retrograde amnesia.

Question 32

The inability to transfer new information from the short-term store to the long-term store.

Answer 32

Anterograde amnesia.

Question 33

A temporary disturbance of consciousness produced by a nonpenetrating head injury.

Answer 33

Concussion.

Question 34

An amnesia following a nonpenetrating blow in the head.

Answer 34

Posttraumatic amnesia.

Question 35

Theory that says that memories are stored in the short term by neural activity.

Answer 35

Hebb’s theory.

Question 36

A brain disorder caused by the lack of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the brain.

Named after neuropsychiatrist Sergei Korsakoff.

Answer 36

Korsakoff’s Syndrome (Korsakov’s Syndrome).

Question 37

Invented memories which are taken as true due to gaps in memory.

Answer 37

Confabulation.

Question 38

Associated with a gradually progressive loss of memory often occurring in old age.

Answer 38

Alzheimer’s disease.

Question 39

Structures formed from degenerating neurons.

Answer 39

Plaques.

Question 40

Structures formed from degenerating structures within a neuronal body.

Answer 40

Tangles.