Chapter 11: Drug Use & Drug Addiction

Question 1

Drugs that influence subjective experience and behavior by acting on the nervous system.

Answer 1

Psychoactive drugs.

Question 2

Four (4) ways drugs can be administered.

Answer 2

1. Oral ingestion
2. Injection
3. Inhalation
4. Absorption through mucous membranes.

Question 3

Breakdown products of the body’s chemical reactions.

Answer 3

Metabolites.

Question 4

Injection; into the fatty tissue just beneath the skin (most common).

Answer 4

Subcutaneously (SC).

Question 5

Injection; into the large muscles.

Answer 5

Intramuscularly (IM).

Question 6

Injection; directly into veins, most drug-addicted persons prefer this route, delivers drugs directly to the brain.

Answer 6

Intravenously (IV).

Question 7

Through the network of capillaries in the lungs; e.g. anesthetics (tobacco).

Answer 7

Inhalation.

Question 8

With nose, mouth, and rectum; commonly self-administered.

Answer 8

Absorption.

Question 9

Four (4) mechanisms of drug action.

Answer 9

1. Diffuse on neural membranes throughout the CNS (e.g. alcohol).
2. Bind to particular synaptic receptors.
3. Influence the synthesis, transport, release, or deactivation of certain neurotransmitters.
   4 Influence the chain of chemical reactions elicited in postsynaptic neurons by activation of their receptors.

Question 10

The conversion of a drug from its active form to a non-active form.

Answer 10

Drug metabolism.

Question 11

A state of decreased sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to it.

Answer 11

Drug tolerance.

Question 12

One drug can produce tolerance to other drugs that act by the same mechanism.

Answer 12

Cross tolerance.

Question 13

Increasing sensitivity to a drug.

Answer 13

Drug sensitization.

Question 14

Tolerance that results from a reduction in the amount of a drug getting to its sites of action.

Answer 14

Metabolic tolerance.

Question 15

Drug tolerance that results from changes that reduce the reactivity of the sites of action to the drug.

Answer 15

Functional tolerance.

Question 16

The illness brought on by the elimination from the body of a drug on which the person is physically dependent.

Answer 16

Withdrawal syndrome.

Question 17

Withdrawal syndrome severity depends on three (3) factors, which are?

Answer 17

1. Drug in question
2. Duration and degree of drug exposure
3. Speed the drug is eliminated

Question 18

Habitual drug users who continue to use a drug despite its adverse effects on their health, social life, and despite their repeated efforts to stop using it.

Answer 18

Drug-addicted individuals.

Question 19

Major psychoactive ingredient of tobacco.

Answer 19

Nicotine.

Question 20

The chest pain, labored breathing, wheezing, coughing, and heightened susceptibility to infections of the respiratory tract commonly observed in tobacco smokers.

Answer 20

Smoker’s syndrome.

Question 21

Chronic inflammation of the bronchioles of the lungs.

Answer 21

Bronchitis.

Question 22

Loss of elasticity of the lung from chronic irritation.

Answer 22

Emphysema.

Question 23

An agent that can disturb the normal development of the fetus&raquo_space; increases likelihood of miscarriage, stillbirth, and early death of a child.

Answer 23

Teratogen.

Question 24

Neuropsychological disorder characterized by memory loss, sensory and motor dysfunction, and, in its advanced stages, severe dementia. Can also be (indirectly caused) by inducing thiamine deficiency.

Answer 24

Korsakoff’s syndrome.

Question 25

Major cause of death for most alcohol users. Extensive scarring of the liver.

Answer 25

Liver cirrhosis.

Question 26

Offspring of mothers who consume substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy can develop ______ causing brain damage, intellectual disability, poor coordination, poor muscle tone, low birth weight, retarded growth, and/or physical deformity.

Answer 26

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

Question 27

Drugs whose primary effect is to produce general increases in neural and behavioral activity; stimulants differ greatly in their potency.

Answer 27

Stimulants.

Question 28

Most widely misused stimulants. Consumed orally in the potent form d-amphetamine (dextroamphetamine).

Some effects are similar to cocaine&raquo_space; ex: can produce a syndrome of psychosis called amphetamine psychosis.

Answer 28

Amphetamine.

Question 29

Relative of amphetamine drugs. Smokeable, crystalline form (crystal meth).

Answer 29

Methamphetamine.

Question 30

Taken orally. Another potent relative of amphetamine.

Also known as ecstasy.

Answer 30

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA).

Question 31

Psychoactive drugs that produce feelings of empathy and benevolence towards others.

Answer 31

Empathogen.

Question 32

Dried form of sap exuded by the seedpods of the opium poppy; have several psychoactive ingredients; most notable are morphine and codeine (weaker)&raquo_space; these are opioids.

Answer 32

Opium.

Question 33

Synthesized w/2 acetyl groups added to the morphine molecule. More potent analgesic than morphine. Less likely to induce nausea and vomiting.

Answer 33

Heroin.

Question 34

Made it illegal to sell or use opium, morphine, or cocaine; but did not include the semisynthetic opioid heroin.

Answer 34

The Harrison Narcotics Act (1914).

Question 35

Ban of tobacco smoking in China. Increase of opium. Smoking opium had greater effect than eating it; many people became addicted.

Answer 35

1644.

Question 36

Wave of intense abdominal, orgasmic pleasure that evolves into a state of serene, drowsy euphoria.

Answer 36

Heroin rush.

Question 37

Anticipated pleasure associated with an action - (“wanting the drug”).

Answer 37

Positive-incentive value.

Question 38

Amount of pleasure that is actually experienced - (“liking the drug”).

Answer 38

Hedonic value.

Question 39

Addictions develop when drug use sensitizes the neural circuits mediating wanting of the drug.

Answer 39

Incentive-sensitization theory.

Question 40

Associated with ”wanting” the drug.

Answer 40

Nucleus accumbens (where dopamine releases).

Question 41

Area known for habit formation and retention.

Answer 41

Dorsal striatum.

Question 42

A general inability to experience pleasure in response to natural reinforcers.

Answer 42

Anhedonia.

Question 43

Three (3) different causes of relapse.

Answer 43

1. Stress
2. Drug priming – single exposure to the formally misused drug
3. Exposure to cues – people, time, places, or objects

Question 44

The time-dependent increase in cue-induced drug craving and relapse.

Answer 44

Incubation of drug craving.