Chapter 7: Learning Flashcards
Habituation
process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli
(learning to ignore irrelevant nonharmful stimuli/ adaptive)
what is the simplest and earliest form of learning?
habituation
Kandel identifying neural mechanisms using ______
aplysia
Sesitization
responding more strongly to a stimulus after repeated exposure
(e.g dangerous, noxious, both)
Classical Conditioning
creating connections between 2 stimuli
classical conditioning is also known as
associative learning
world example of classical conditioning
pavlov’s dog and salivation to a whistle
3 phases of classical conditioning
- acquisition
- extinction
- spontaneous recovery
3 variables in classical conditioning
uncontrolled stimulus
uncontrolled result
controlled stimulus
what happens during the acquisition stage in classical conditioning?
repeated pairing of controlled stimulus and uncontrolled stimulus
what happens in the extinction stage of classical conditioning?
repeated exposure to the controlled stimulus in absence of the uncontrolled stimulus
what happens in the spontaneous recovery stage
recovery with break from extinction phase or return to learning environment
optimal timing for acquisition of CR in classical conditioning
0.5 sec optimal
Stimulus Generalization
stimuli similar to original CS elicit response
stimulus generalization occurs what gradient?
a generalization gradient (higher pitch bell vs. lower pitch bell – bad for phobias)
- can induce phobias
stimulus discrimination
the ability to differentiate between a CS vs. similar CS (the higher pitch vs. lower pitch)
higher order conditioning
organisms develop responses to CS associated with original CS (chad knows the leash means walks, but he also knows the leash is in the cabinet by his bowl)
classical conditioning in advertising
- repeated pairing product with images/ sounds
- latent inhibition occurs where it’s hard to pair with other stimulus
Mary Cover Jones’s case study of Little Peter
using conditioning to overcome phobias
- appearance of rabbits induces fear, but paired to milk and cookies — made peter happy
Shepard Siegel’s classical conditioning to drug tolerance found….
develop enhanced tolerance to a drug in the setting that it is normally taken – more intoxicated in unfamiliar settings
(conditioned compensatory response)
Operant Conditioning
learning controlled by consequences of behaviour
reward or punishment
rewards or punishments are also known as
operants // operants meaning operating on environment to get what you want
thorndike’s law of effect
if a response in the presence of a stimulus results in a reward then the Stimulus + Response (S-R) bond is strengthened
SR Theorists
each learned behaviour is a progressive accumulation of SR
Thorndike’s Puzzle Box Experiment
cat in a box with a string (does not have a ha moment)
BF Skinner experiment relates to reinforcement
bird pulling lever
reinforcement
any outcome that increases probability of responses
positive reinforcement
present something pleasant
negative reinforcement
removing something unpleasant
aversive conditioning and escape conditioning are both examples of…
negative reinforcement
punishment
any outcome that weakens likelihood of response// positive: administer noxious stimulus (shock)
negative: removal of pleasant stimulus (removes favorite toy or food)
disadvantages of punishment
- doesn’t replace behaviour with appropriate one
- creates anxiety
- encourage subversive behaviour
- may provide a model for aggressive behaviour
extinction stage in learning
stop delivering reinforcement to previous reinforced behaviour
- extinction burst
stimulus discrimination may lead to….
generalization
schedules of reinforcement affect operant conditioning. It’s best if…
reinforcement is used at the start of training, and if gradually shifts from continuous once behaviour is learned.
chaining
linking interrelated behaviours to form longer series
token economies
- extinguishing inappropriate behaviors
- does not transfer in real world (because of return to old peers)
- reinforcement is done by tokens where you can purchase things
- the purchase of other items is called secondary enforcers.
two process theory
operant and classical conditioning are needed to explain anxiety disorders and phobias
