Chapter 7: Learning

Question 1

Habituation

Answer 1

process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli
(learning to ignore irrelevant nonharmful stimuli/ adaptive)

Question 2

what is the simplest and earliest form of learning?

Answer 2

habituation

Question 3

Kandel identifying neural mechanisms using ______

Answer 3

aplysia

Question 4

Sesitization

Answer 4

responding more strongly to a stimulus after repeated exposure
(e.g dangerous, noxious, both)

Question 5

Classical Conditioning

Answer 5

creating connections between 2 stimuli

Question 6

classical conditioning is also known as

Answer 6

associative learning

Question 7

world example of classical conditioning

Answer 7

pavlov’s dog and salivation to a whistle

Question 8

3 phases of classical conditioning

Answer 8

1. acquisition
2. extinction
3. spontaneous recovery

Question 9

3 variables in classical conditioning

Answer 9

uncontrolled stimulus
uncontrolled result
controlled stimulus

Question 10

what happens during the acquisition stage in classical conditioning?

Answer 10

repeated pairing of controlled stimulus and uncontrolled stimulus

Question 11

what happens in the extinction stage of classical conditioning?

Answer 11

repeated exposure to the controlled stimulus in absence of the uncontrolled stimulus

Question 12

what happens in the spontaneous recovery stage

Answer 12

recovery with break from extinction phase or return to learning environment

Question 13

optimal timing for acquisition of CR in classical conditioning

Answer 13

0.5 sec optimal

Question 14

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 14

stimuli similar to original CS elicit response

Question 15

stimulus generalization occurs what gradient?

Answer 15

a generalization gradient (higher pitch bell vs. lower pitch bell – bad for phobias)
- can induce phobias

Question 16

stimulus discrimination

Answer 16

the ability to differentiate between a CS vs. similar CS (the higher pitch vs. lower pitch)

Question 17

higher order conditioning

Answer 17

organisms develop responses to CS associated with original CS (chad knows the leash means walks, but he also knows the leash is in the cabinet by his bowl)

Question 18

classical conditioning in advertising

Answer 18

• repeated pairing product with images/ sounds

- latent inhibition occurs where it’s hard to pair with other stimulus

Question 19

Mary Cover Jones’s case study of Little Peter

Answer 19

using conditioning to overcome phobias

- appearance of rabbits induces fear, but paired to milk and cookies — made peter happy

Question 20

Shepard Siegel’s classical conditioning to drug tolerance found….

Answer 20

develop enhanced tolerance to a drug in the setting that it is normally taken – more intoxicated in unfamiliar settings
(conditioned compensatory response)

Question 21

Operant Conditioning

Answer 21

learning controlled by consequences of behaviour

reward or punishment

Question 22

rewards or punishments are also known as

Answer 22

operants // operants meaning operating on environment to get what you want

Question 23

thorndike’s law of effect

Answer 23

if a response in the presence of a stimulus results in a reward then the Stimulus + Response (S-R) bond is strengthened

Question 24

SR Theorists

Answer 24

each learned behaviour is a progressive accumulation of SR

Question 25

Thorndike’s Puzzle Box Experiment

Answer 25

cat in a box with a string (does not have a ha moment)

Question 26

BF Skinner experiment relates to reinforcement

Answer 26

bird pulling lever

Question 27

reinforcement

Answer 27

any outcome that increases probability of responses

Question 28

positive reinforcement

Answer 28

present something pleasant

Question 29

negative reinforcement

Answer 29

removing something unpleasant

Question 30

aversive conditioning and escape conditioning are both examples of…

Answer 30

negative reinforcement

Question 31

punishment

Answer 31

any outcome that weakens likelihood of response// positive: administer noxious stimulus (shock)
negative: removal of pleasant stimulus (removes favorite toy or food)

Question 32

disadvantages of punishment

Answer 32

• doesn’t replace behaviour with appropriate one
• creates anxiety
• encourage subversive behaviour
• may provide a model for aggressive behaviour

Question 33

extinction stage in learning

Answer 33

stop delivering reinforcement to previous reinforced behaviour
- extinction burst

Question 34

stimulus discrimination may lead to….

Answer 34

generalization

Question 35

schedules of reinforcement affect operant conditioning. It’s best if…

Answer 35

reinforcement is used at the start of training, and if gradually shifts from continuous once behaviour is learned.

Question 36

chaining

Answer 36

linking interrelated behaviours to form longer series

Question 37

token economies

Answer 37

• extinguishing inappropriate behaviors
• does not transfer in real world (because of return to old peers)
• reinforcement is done by tokens where you can purchase things
• the purchase of other items is called secondary enforcers.

Question 38

two process theory

Answer 38

operant and classical conditioning are needed to explain anxiety disorders and phobias