Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the most complex thing in the universe?

A

the brain, 1.36kg, gelatinous

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2
Q

what kind of psychologists deal with the brain?

A

neuroscientists

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3
Q

Neuroscientists study the nervous system. What is the nervous system?

A

a communication network consisting of nerve cells, both inside and outside the brain and spinal cord.

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4
Q

Definition of Neurons

A

a bundle of nerve cells specialized for communication. There are tens of thousands of connections.

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5
Q

Definition of Dendrites

A

Part of the neuron that are extensions for receiving receptor sites.

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6
Q

Definition for Nucleus/ Cell Body

A

Part of the neuron that renews and manufactures proteins; receptor sites

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7
Q

What are glial cells comprised of?

A

Astrocytes

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8
Q

What make up the Blood Brain Barrier?

A

Astrocytes

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9
Q

What is the Blood Brain Barrier?

A

coat of blood vessels

protects brain against disease and bacterial infections.

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10
Q

What causes neuronal communication in neurons?

A

ion channels causing change in charge.
Change in charge causes a potential difference
(the flow of Na and K ions)

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11
Q

potential difference

A

charge difference between the inside and outside of the neuron

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12
Q

What does potential difference cause?

A

Resting Potential

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13
Q

What is resting potential?

A

electrical charge difference across neuronal membrane.

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14
Q

What is the charge difference in resting potential?

A

-60mV

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15
Q

The inside and outside of the neuronal membrane is described as…

A

polarized (inside more negative than the outside)

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16
Q

What is Action Potential?

A

abrupt electrical change

- charge becomes depolarized

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17
Q

What does action potential result in?

A

The release of neurotransmitters

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18
Q

Electrical charges travel down the……?

A

axons.

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19
Q

Action Potential is described as an “all or….”

A

all or none – always full strength

20
Q

where does action potential occur?

A

trigger zone (near cell body) and continues along axons.

21
Q

when the membrane because depolarized, what is crossed?

A

the treshold potential.

22
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

the brief interval which makes impossible to fire another AP

23
Q

rate of fire for neurons

A

over 100x a second.

24
Q

What limits the maximal firing rate of neurons?

A

ARP (absolute refractory period)

25
Q

What add together to cancel out charges?

A

EPSP or IPSP

26
Q

What does EPSP do to the cell?

A

bring cell closer to threshold to fire AP

27
Q

IPSP

A

moves cell farther from treshold to fire AP

28
Q

What is the myelin sheath comprised of?

A

glial cells insulate axons to and aids in speed up signal transmissions

29
Q

What is the node of ranvier?

A

gaps in myelin sheath – allows AP to jump.

30
Q

how does the myelin sheath connect to MS?

A

in multiple sclerosis, own cells are attacking myelin.

31
Q

Neurotransmission process

A
  1. NT synthesis
  2. NT storage in vesicles
  3. NT release into synapse
  4. NT bind to receptor sites on dendrite
  5. removal of NT from synapse (degradation or recycling)
32
Q

different neurotransmitters have different effects on the nervous system…

A

they can excite or inhibit

33
Q

what do neurons use to send information?

A

electrical activity

34
Q

Electroencephalogram

A

measures brain generated electrical activity

- electrodes on face

35
Q

Neuroimaging is either one of two main categories..

A

brain structure or brain function

36
Q

two neuroimaging techniques to see brain structure

A

MRI and CT scan

37
Q

two neuroimaging techniques to see brain function

A

fMRI
PET
MEG
TMS

38
Q

CT scan

A

big rotating machine around head, 3D X Ray of brain

39
Q

MRI

A

whole body, magnetic field study,

measures energy released by hydrogen atoms

40
Q

PET - Positron Emission Tomography

A

red, white, green, and blue pictures
how is brain changing in response to different emotions or activities
-

41
Q

what does the PET measures?

A

consumption of glucose after being injected with radioactive glucose
- has a 4-6 second delay

42
Q

fMRI -functional magnetic resonance imaging

A

measures changes in blood oxygen level

- better time than PET

43
Q

plasticity over development steps

A
  1. growth of dendrites
  2. synaptogenesis
  3. pruning
  4. myelination
44
Q

what is pruning?

A

death/retraction of axons (70%), meant to streamline communication
- can cause infantile autism because too many are killed off.

45
Q

how does being exposed to rich environments support the theory of neural plasticity?

A

think about the mice. Changes occur as we learn, synapses perform better with new stimuli

46
Q

stem cells

A

potential to differentiate into variety of specialized cells

47
Q

neurogenesis

A

creation of new neurons in the adult brain