Chapter 6 part 1: sleep Flashcards
consciousness definition
subjective experience of our world, our bodies, and mental perspectives
- thoughts, emotions, sensations, actions, events
- typical in single celled organisms
consciousness constantly in flux
- subjective and private (same event experienced differently)
- continuously changing (perception changes based on attention and awareness)
- selective attention (e.g watching a video)
3 methods of measuring conscious states
self reports
physiological
behavioural
self report methods of measuring conscious
direct insight into subjective experience, not verifiable
physiological measuring of conscious states
HR, EEG, sweating, relate body state to mental state
Behavioural measuring of conscious states
task performance/ rouge test/ more objective than self report but have to infer state of mind.
freud’s psychodynamic perspective
he talks about the 3 level model of consciousness and how nonconscious processes influence behaviour
freud’s 3 level model of consciousness
conscious = our current awareness
preconscious = outside awareness but easily recalled
unconscious
controlled processing
things like planning, studying, flexible and being open to change.
automatic processing
has little conscious effort
- well learned routine, does not hange
faster executions, less brain recruitment
divided attention
performing more than one activity a time
visual agnosia
can tell shape and colour but can’t consciously name or recognize object, tend to describe what they’re seeing
blind sight is the damage of what part of the brain?
V1 (cortical blindess - some visual information bypasses v1 and is processed in association areas)
superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
20,000 neurons in hypothalamus (active during day, quiet at night)
controls levels of alertness
- cues siesta (napping in afternoon)
______ rhythms prepare us for sleep
circadian rhythms
evidence why humans need sleep
immune system, memory consolidation, neural development, conserve energy, remove from danger and avoid predation at night
sleep requirements for life stages
newborns = 16hrs
adults = 7hrs
old age = 7 hours
university student = 9 hours
brain waves during day
beta = while you're reading -- normal state alpha = while you're resting or wathcing tv
brain waves during sleep
theta = hypnoidal state/ pre sleep delta = regenrative sleep/ deep sleep state
How many stages of sleep are there?
5 stages
how long is the 1st stage of sleep?
5-10 minutes
what happens during the 1st stage?
hynagogic imagery
myoclonic jerks
what happens during stage 2 of sleep
up to 65% of sleep
- spindles and k complexes
- physiological correlates sleep (relaxed muscles)
what happens during stage 3-4 of sleep?
30 minutes into cycle
fully resting
alcohol suppresses
25% of sleep in adults; 40% of sleep in children
stage 5 is also known as…
REM cycles
What happens during REM?
HR increases, increased temperature, arousal
25% of sleep
how long is REM?
10-20 minutes? increases with subsequent cycles.
REM dreams vs. NREM dreams
82% of REM is a dream; 7% for NREM
- REM dreams are emotional, illogical, sudden plot shifts
- NREM dreams are shorter thoughtlike, repetitive, everyday topics - resemble REMS
what are the eyes doing during REM?
rapid eye movements - scanning hypothesis
what is MEMA?
Middle Ear Muscle Activity during REM sleep
- perhaps assisting hearing sounds in dream.
Bodies during REM?
totally paralyzed
insomnia
- trouble falling asleep (taking 30+ minutes)
- waking too early in morning
- waking up during middle of night and not falling back asleep
how is insomnia treated?
- ambien
- lunesta (Can cause amnesia)
narcolepsy
sudden plummet into REM sleep in any situation that lasts minutes or seconds
- related to cataplexy
cataplexy
sudden emotions or laughter can cause someone to be paralyzed but conscious
causes of narcolepsy
TBI genetic abnormalities (orexin)
treatments of narcolepsy
modafinil (provigil)
- promotes wakefulness
sleep disorder “somnambulist” also known as…
sleep walking
- driving, sex, do work, committing murder
- it’s okay to wake people up
night terrors
- different from nightmare
- occurs during NREM
- no recollection
- harmless
- almost exclusively in children.
blind people can have dreams if….
blinded after age of 7
before age of 4 is lacking visual dreams
cross cultural consistency in dreams
more aggresive
more negative
gender differences (women dream about females, and males dream more about males)
Cultural differences in the dream realm
people in technological cultures dream less about animals
- western culture more likely to recall childhood dreams
benefits of dreaming and why we think we do it
- learning new strategies
- simulating threats to prepare for future experiences
- reorganizing and consolidating memories
- integrating new experiences with established memories
Freud’s dream protection theory
dreams reveal hidden desires//
our desires are guarded by dreams
activation synthesis theory
dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pons, which the forebrain then attempts to weave into a story
- explains why the narrative is rarely logical
- the pons is visual and language driven
role of forebrain in dreams
if damaged, loss of dreams
damage of white matter and posterior partietal
why are children’s dreams simple?
children lack emotion and movement - less negative emotion/ aggression
- when adults walk about daily life, we feel numerous emotions
