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Psychology 211 > Chapter 7, Exam #2 > Flashcards

Chapter 7, Exam #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

stimulus generalization

A

the tendency for a response learned to one specific stimulus to also occur for other, similar stimulus

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2
Q

response generalization

A

if a response of one type is blocked, then there is a tendency to make a similar response to the same stimulus

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3
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

when a response learned to one specific stimulus does not occur to other stimuli

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4
Q

response discrimination

A

learning not to make similar responses to the same stimulus

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5
Q

stimulus control

A

situations in which a behavior is triggered by the presence or absence of some stimulus

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6
Q

Discriminative stimuli (S+)-

A

any stimulus that signals whether a behavior will be reinforced or not reinforced

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7
Q

Excitatory gradient

A

in spence’s theory of generalization and discrimination, a generalized gradient showing an increased tendency to respond to the S+ or CS+ and stimuli resembling them

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8
Q

Inhibitory gradient

A

in spence’s theory of generalization and discrimination, a gradient showing decreased tendency to respond to the S- or CS- and stimuli resembling them

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9
Q

Peak shift

A

the tendency following discrimination training for the peak of responding in a generalization gradient to shift away from the S-

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10
Q

Basic transfer design

A

experiemental group-(learn task 1) (learn task 2) control group (rest) (learn task 2)q

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11
Q

positive transfer

A

experimental group performs better on task 2 than control group

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12
Q

Negative transfer

A

experimental group performs worse on task 2 than control group

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13
Q

Practice/Warm-up effects

A

we have to practice before we understand (Sc-Rd) non-specific

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14
Q

Learning to learn/Strategies-

A

earn by becoming familiar with how to do it (Sc-Rd) non-specific

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15
Q

Stimulus generalization ex

A

flirt with people with red hair/ flirt with people with auburn hair

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16
Q

response generalization ex

A

punch a classmate to kick a classamate

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17
Q

stimulus discrimination ex

A

go at a green light, stop at a red light

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18
Q

response discrimination ex

A

shifting gear, discriminating between a bad and good golf swing

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19
Q

What are the essential elements of Pavlov’s Brain Theory of discrimination?

A

The reinforced stimulus (S+) creates an area of excitation in the brain that produces a response (R). The non-reinforced stimulus (S-) creates an area of inhibition in the brain that inhibits responding and produces non responding (NR).
- Theory of the brain»
- New stimuli that are similar to S+ excites areas in the brain close to the area for the S+ and produce the response.
- New stimuli that are similar to S- inhibit areas in the brain close to the area for the S- and fail to produce a response

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20
Q

What are the essential elements of Spence’s Gradient Theory of discrimination?

A

S+ creates a gradient of excitation (green), S- creates a gradient of inhibition (red). The tendency to respond to a new stimulus reflects the net difference between excitation and inhibition. 
- Theory of behavior

21
Q

How does Spence’s Gradient Theory of discrimination differ from the Lashley-Wade theory?

A

The excitatory and inhibitory gradients depend on the prior experience of the learner

22
Q

how does a researcher know when positive transfer has occurred

A

when the experimental group performs better than the control

23
Q

how does a researcher know when negative transfer has occurred

A

when control group performs better that experimental

24
Q

In a transfer task, what do the letters A-B stand for when applied to the first task? What do the letters C-D refer to when applied to the second task

A

This means the stimuli in the two tasks are not the same and the responses are not the same

25
Q

Positive or negative transfer:

Response generalization

A

positive

26
Q

Positive or negative transfer: Stimulus generalization

A

positive

27
Q

Positive or negative transfer: Response integration

A

positive

28
Q

Positive or negative transfer: Response interference

A

negative

29
Q

Sa- Rb Sc- Rd

A

+

face-name/ event-date

30
Q

Sa- Rb Sa- Rb’

A

++

cars-auto/cars- standard

31
Q

Sa- Rb Sa’- Rb

A

++
US stop sign- stop/
Mexico stop sign- stop

32
Q

Sa- Rb Sa’-Rb’

A

++
Instrument- picking/
Instrument- strumming

33
Q

Sa- Rb Sc-Rb

A

++
French friend- French
name/ new friend-same name

34
Q

Sa- Rb Sa-Rd

A

person- maiden name/

person- married name

35
Q

Sa- Rb Sa- Rbr

A

red- stop green- go/ red- go green- stop

36
Q

What is meant by the content of transfer

A

What is being transferred

37
Q

What is meant by the context of transfer?

A

When transfers occur and where it might be directed

38
Q

three content areas of transfer

A

Learned skills
Performance change
Memory demands

39
Q

three content areas of transfer: Learned skills

A

routine procedure and abstract principles

40
Q

three content areas of transfer:

Performance change

A

speed and accuracy

41
Q

three content areas of transfer:

Memory demands

A

execute, recognize and execute, recognize and recall and execute

42
Q

What are the six context areas of transfer?

A

knowledge domain, physical context, temporal context, functional context, social context, modality

43
Q

six context areas of transfer:

knowledge domain

A

what is learned in calc transfers to physics

44
Q

six context areas of transfer: physical context

A

transfer what you learn in a classroom to the work place

45
Q

six context areas of transfer: temporal context

A

elapsed time between one task and applying what was learned to a subsequent task

46
Q

six context areas of transfer: functional context

A

transfer what we learn on an exam to the real world

47
Q

six context areas of transfer: social context

A

transferred from alone to a group

48
Q

six context areas of transfer: modality

A

using sensory, physical or testing modalities to transfer from one task to another

49
Q

What is the difference between near transfer and far transfer

A

Near transfer - transfer between very similar but not identical contexts. Far transfer - transfer between contexts that, on appearance, seem remote and alien to one another

Psychology 211 (12 decks)

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