Chapter 10, Exam #3

Question 1

modeling (imitation)

Answer 1

the process of imitating or copying the behavior of another animal that may lead to learning

Question 2

vicarious learning

Answer 2

a variation on the term observational learning that stresses that an animal learns by observing another animal getting reinforced or punished for its actions

Question 3

extrinsic reward

Answer 3

rewards derived from external sources; tangible rewards (money, food)

Question 4

intrinsic rewards

Answer 4

rewards derived from internal sources; tangible, self generated rewards (task mastery, creative endeavors)

Question 5

over justification effect

Answer 5

the motivation to perform a behavior diminishes when an extrinsic reward is imposed on a behavior that was previously reinforced by an intrinsic reward

Question 6

Learned helplessness

Answer 6

a condition characterized by behavior that is self defeating and counterproductive, brought on by repeated experience of failure and the inability to act

Question 7

self reinforcement

Answer 7

process engaged in by most humans in which their actions are reinforced by stimuli that are self generated

Question 8

self efficacy

Answer 8

a belief that one has the ability to master task and be successful at new challenges

Question 9

rule of reciprocity

Answer 9

tendency in which people have a propensity to balance the receiving of factors from others with giving factors in return

Question 10

rule of commitment

Answer 10

tendency in which people have a propensity to honor promise and commitments

Question 11

door in the face effect

Answer 11

phenomenon in which people are likely to agree to a small request if they have just refused a large request

Question 12

foot in the door effect

Answer 12

phenomenon that people are more likely to agree to a larger request if they have already agreed to a smaller request

Question 13

representativeness rule/bias

Answer 13

decision making heuristic that bases a judgment on what first comes to mind; what is mentally available

Question 14

illusory correlation

Answer 14

judgments are made based on the apparent connection between 2 events

Question 15

hindsight

Answer 15

making a decision based on knowing the outcome. the belief that an event is more predictable after we know the result than before the result becomes known

Question 16

latent learning

Answer 16

passive learning that occurs without performance. ex: cognitive map (riding through a maze in a cart) learning is demonstrated when performance is rewarded

Question 17

cognitive map

Answer 17

a form of mental representation of the spatial layout of the environment that an animal could use to navigate

Question 18

meta cognition

Answer 18

thinking about thinking

Question 19

what three entities form the foundation for social learning?

Answer 19

person environment behavior

Question 20

explain what is meant by “performance without learning”

Answer 20

a person can perform the same action as another (via modeling or imitation) without necessarily learning from the model

Question 21

explain what is meant by “learning without performance”

Answer 21

a person can learn from a model by not imitate the model (a parent raises their child opposite of how they were raised)

Question 22

what is generalized imitation?

Answer 22

General rule that modeling is good, even if we don’t see the benefits. For example, children imitating their parents.

Question 23

why do learning researchers think that vicarious classical conditioning is doubtful?

Answer 23

simple conditioning- controlled stimulus with fearful uncontrolled stimulus and that produces fear in the observer. it transfers of feelings and now external stimulus

Question 24

what are some examples of vicarious operant conditioning?

Answer 24

watching someone perform an action that produces a reward and leads to fast learning (children can learn to perform acts by observing adult models who get reinforced for these acts)

Question 25

according to Bandura’s theory, what are 4 cognitive processes that underlie and govern observational learning? How would each apply to trying to learn the tango?

Answer 25

Attention: the observers perceptual capabilities level of arousal stimulus preferences
Retention: the observers cognitive skills and memory accuracy
motor reproduction: the observers attributes, physical capabilities, and acquired motor skills
motivation: the observers intrinsic motivation and reward preferences as well as their social needs

Question 26

Consequences of the model’s behavior effect on observational learning

Answer 26

rewards and punishments delivered to the model influence the observer learning. For example, if your brother for punished for something you learn not to do it.

Question 27

Consequences of the observer’s behavior effect on observational learning

Answer 27

if the consequences are different for observer than for model, consequences are more powerful. For example, your brother does drugs than you do drugs and your parents get mad at you for it because they know you should have learned from you brother.

Question 28

Attractiveness of the model effect on observational learning

Answer 28

most influential models are attractive.

Question 29

Like ability of the model effect on observational learning

Answer 29

More influential, more likeable

Question 30

Competence of the model effect on observational learning

Answer 30

high competence, higher influence.

Question 31

Status of the model effect on observational learning

Answer 31

higher status, more influence

Question 32

Models similar to us effect on observational learning

Answer 32

observers are more likely to learn from someone they can relate to

Question 33

Emotional arousal of the observer effect on observational learning

Answer 33

emotionally aroused observers do not learn well.

Question 34

Influence on people’s ability to self regulate their behavior-Self reinforcment

Answer 34

the reinforcement does not need to originate from an external force

Question 35

Influence on people’s ability to self regualte their behavior-sefl efficacy

Answer 35

creates a general belief in ones ability to master tasks and meet new challenges

Question 36

Influence on peoples ability to regulate their behavior (learned helplessness)

Answer 36

experiences that lead to failure create apathy, self doubt and the inability to act

Question 37

Influence on peoples ability to regulate their behavior (self set goals)

Answer 37

setting specific but not hard to reach goals and committing yourself to those goals while also seeking feedback and rewards from others and yourself can help a person regulate their behavior

Question 38

under what conditions does goal setting work best?

Answer 38

hard (stretch) goals, specific goals, goal commitment (telling friends/family)

Question 39

6 ways to increase self control

Answer 39

physical restraint (bite your tongue)
distancing (remove yourself from the situation)
distraction (read a book)
Satiation (eat before you go out to reduce the effects of alcohol or prevent overeating vitamins and exercise)
recruit the help of others (ask others to remind you of your resolution)
monitor behavior (weigh yourself often)