Chapter 5, Exam #2 Flashcards
positive punishment
behavior leads to a consequence, you add a stimulus to decrease the probability of behavior happening again (yelling, hitting, more chores) (getting a ticket for bad driving)
negative punishment
take away a desirable stimulus to decrease probability of behavior happening again (removal of attention desired toy, previous rewards) (going to jail for bad driving- freedom gets taken away)
displaced aggression
a defense mechanism in which anger is redirected toward a person or object other than the one who provided the anger originally (bad day at work = yelling at family when you get home)
elicited aggression
people who are in a punitive environment (people want to escape/ avoid situation) start to aggress against themselves (prisoners fighting each other)
learned helplessness
condition of a human being or an animal in which it has learned to behave helplessly, even when the opportunity is restored for it to help itself by avoiding an unpleasant or harmful circumstance to which it has been subjected
punishment as retribution
Punishment that is considered morally right and fully deserved (people going to jail)
punishment as deterrence
the use of punishment as a threat to prevent a behavior
How are punishment and negative reinforcement different?
punishment always suppresses future responses. negative reinforcements increate future behavior
How are negative punishment and extinction related?
They are related in the sense that they both deal with the taking away of something to decrease behavior. Extinction to take away reinforcer to decrease behavior, negative punishment is taking away of a appetite reinforcer to decrease behavior
effect on punishment: R-S contingency
When the response is reliably associated with the punishing event, the effectiveness of punishment is high
effect on punishment: R-S delay
It is best to administer the punisher immediately after the undesired behavior
Other behaviors occur during the delay interval and they may get suppressed rather than the target behavior
effect on punishment: intensity of punisher
stronger punishment, the more effective
effect on punishment: progressive punishment
the progression from mild to harsh punishment each time the behavior happens not effective. In most cases, the progressive punishment was never as effective as using the more intense punisher from the start
effect on punishment: reinforced and punished
for punishment to be effective it has to be out-compete the sources of reward, so reward alternate behaviors. Punish kid for standing up on chair but reward him when he sits still in a chair. Effective when the alternative behavior is incompatible with the unwanted behavior
effect on punishment: presence of alternative behaviors
people punished for unwanted behaviors suppress those behaviors more completely when reinforced for engaging in alternative behaviors than just receiving punishment alone, sometimes punishment is the reward
effect on punishment: behaviors that are highly motivated
when the motivation to engage in a behavior is strong, punishment is less effective
How do the one-process and two-process theories of punishment differ
One-process believes the only component of punishment is operant conditioning. Two-process believes there are two components, classical and operant
seven major problems with using punishing: Temporary effects
- -Unless punishment is really severe, aversive consequences usual have only a temporary effect. Punishment works in short not in long run
seven major problems with using punishing: Escape and avoidance
- Natural reaction is to run away
seven major problems with using punishing: Aggression
3.- Leads to aggression
seven major problems with using punishing: Apathy
4.- Generalized suppression- effects of not only suppressing the target behavior, but also other behaviors in the same context
seven major problems with using punishing: Fixation
5.- Limits the range of behaviors that the organism is willing to perform
seven major problems with using punishing: Progressive punishment
- -Starts with yelling, then slapping, then beating, then the hospital. Conditioned mechanism- gradual evolution of masochism
seven major problems with using punishing: Imitation
7.- It’s a negative model and leads to imitation on the recipient
What are seven major problems with using punishment for behavioral control
temporary effects, escape and avoidance, aggression, apathy, fixation, progressive punishment, imitation
What are six alternatives to aversive control
prevention, extinction, reinforce other behaviors, DRO, DRL,DRA
six alternatives to aversive control: prevention
Modify the environment to preclude the behavior (e.g., disconnect the keyboard, install a V-Chip, lock the medicine cabinet).
six alternatives to aversive control: extinction
Identify the reinforcing stimulus and remove it (e.g., time out)
six alternatives to aversive control: reinforce other behaviors
- Differential reinforcement of incompatible (DRI) behaviors (e.g., reinforce sitting at your desk, don’t reinforce moving around; reinforce getting to meetings, or class, on time)
six alternatives to aversive control: DRO
Reinforce not responding for a period of time (e.g., remain motionless for five minutes)
six alternatives to aversive control: DRL
(e.g.,reinforce lower levels of aggression, lower levels of activity)
six alternatives to aversive control: DRA
(e.g., reinforce saying nice things to classmates).
Disruption theory
punishment suppresses responding because it leads to a disruption of ongoing activity (most limited)
two-process theory
punishment involves both classical and operant conditioning. Similar to the two process theory of avoidance. Stimuli associated with the punisher becomes the CS for reactions to the punisher. We avoid the CS and thus decrease responses to the stimulus
one process theory
only operant conditioning its involved in punishment. Punishment suppresses behavior just as reinforcement strengthens behavior
Why has incarceration (imprisonment) been used as a form of punishment over the years? Has incarceration been successful?
to keep criminals away from society, but has not been very successful in improving the rate of crime
