Chapter 3, Exam #1 Flashcards
Unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without the need for any prior learning
unconditioned response
a response that occurs innately and automatically to an unconditioned stimulus usually a reflexive action
Conditioned stimulus
a previously neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and acquires the ability to elicit a conditioned response
Conditioned response
the response in classical condition that becomes associated with a conditioned stimulus following a number of CS- UCS pairings
Aversion (defensive) conditioning
a form of classical conditioning in which the unconditioned stimulus is emotionally negative
Appetitive conditioning
a form of classical conditioning in which the unconditioned stimulus is emotionally positive
Temporal conditioning
the unconditioned stimulus occurs at regular intervals. The organism will elicit the conditioned response at the points at which the USC tends to occur, but without an explicit conditioned stimulus
Semantic conditioning
conditioned stimulus is a word or phrase
Higher-order conditioning
a previously conditioned stimulus serves as a basis for conditioning a second stimulus
Backward conditioning
everses the normal CS-UCS sequence so that the UCS occurs first, followed by the CS
Simultaneous conditioning
the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus occur at the same time
Trace conditioning
the conditioned stimulus is separated by a lengthy period of time from the unconditioned stimulus and ends prior to the start of the UCS
Delayed conditioning
begins with the presence of the conditioned stimulus followed after a long delay by the occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus. The CS and the UCS overlap in time
Overshadowing
procedure that involves presenting two conditioned stimuli together and following this compound stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. If one of the CS is more intense then that other, only the CS with the higher intensity will be conditioned
Blocking- procedure that begins with conditioning a stimulus to an unconditioned
Acquisition
a term used to describe how learned responses are strengthened and/or changed over time or trials
Blocking
procedure that begins with conditioning a stimulus to an unconditioned stimulus. Then CS1 is combined with another conditioned stimulus (CS2) and the two stimuli together are conditioned to the UCS. Later when CS2 is tested alone, it fails to produce a response
Latent inhibition
a potential conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly alone, without and unconditioned stimulus, and then is resistant to later conditioning when paired with UCS
Sensory preconditioning
involves presenting two conditioned stimuli together without an unconditioned stimulus. Then, one of the conditioned stimuli is presented with a UCS and is conditioned to elicit the CR, even though it was never associated with the UCS
Counter conditioning
he procedure used to replace one conditioned response with another. Can be used with aversive conditioning, as when a conditioned stimulus is paired with a aversive UCS. Can also be used with appetite conditioning as when a phobia is replaced with the fondness of an animal
Generalization gradient
a response occurs not only to the learned stimulus, but also to other similar stimuli. The response to the similar stimuli declines in strength as the similarity of the stimuli decreases
Generalization decrement
the decrease in response strength when an animal generalizes a response from one stimulus to another, similar to stimulus
Experimental neurosis
a behavior (nervous breakdown) that occurs when an animal is forced to make a very difficult discrimination between a CS+ and a CS-
Pseudoconditioning
the elicitation of a response by a previously neutral stimulus. This occurs after a series of exposure to another conditioned stimulus. After experiencing closing their eyes after the administration of a bright light source, a subject is likely to squint after a loud sound
Systematic desensitization
a technique used by behavioral therapist to treat phobias. It is a variation on counterconditioning that introduced a fear-inducing stimulus by presenting it in a less fearful way, then gradually reintroducing it in a series of more fearful conditions
Number of CS-UCS pairings
the more pairings, the stronger the condition
CS and UCS intensity
the more intense the stimulus, the faster the progression of acquisition and the stronger the CR strength
Inter-trial interval
time between each CS-UCS pairing is better over time
Inter-stimulus (CS-UCS) interval
time between CS and UCS is better in close time
A middle eastern dictator has successfully conditioned the citizens to be fearful when they see the American flag
Aversion (Defensive)
mark has a shoe fetish. The sight of shoes evokes pleasant sexaal sensations for him
Appetitive
a soldier in basic training gets yelled at everyday at 5:30 am, and the soldiers heart starts to beat faster every day at this time, even after boot camp is completed
Temporal
fanatic football fans get angry whenever the announcer at a game says the opposing teams name; pet names
Semantic
after teaching his son to love music by pairing it with his favorite drink, a father conditions his son to love spinach by pairing it with music
Higher-order
thunder sounds long after lightning strikes
Trace
a rattlesnake rattles until it bites you
Delayed
Margaret reads an intense mystery book and listens to soft music while she anxiously waits in the dentist office to have a root canal. She now hates mystery novels but doesn’t mind sot music
Overshadowing
shoes arouse a person, shoes and negligee arouse a person, but negligee alone doesn’t arouse a person
Blocking
baby bobby stares at a pacifier dangling from his mobile over the crib. Later his parents try, unsuccessfully, to get him to dislike the pacifier by pairing it with a harsh sound
Latent inhibition
Alice always drinks milk with her cookies. The other night she watches a scary movie while eating cookies without milk. Now when she drinks milk she gets scared
Sensory preconditioning
How does stimulus generalization differ from stimulus discrimination?
Generalization is when an emotional response may occur with several other similar things. Discrimination is not reacting the same way to similar stimuli of the conditioned stimulus
How is experimental neurosis achieved?
from very difficult discrimination training
Describe how systematic desensitization works? What behavioral problems has it been used to treat
a variation on counterconditioning that introduced a fear-inducing stimulus by presenting it in a less fearful way, then gradually reintroducing it in a series of more fearful conditions. It commonly treats fear, anxiety disorders and phobias
What kinds of behaviors are best suited for aversive conditioning?
Bad habits one wants to change
What are the major differences between stimulus substitution (contiguity) theory and attention (preparation) theory? Which theory is best supported by the evidence?
In attention theory the CS will elicit a conditioned response if it captures the attention of the animal (prediction is more likely to elicit a response). While contiguity theory is based on the notion that the CS and UCS occur together. Attention theory is best supported by evidence.
