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Physiology > Chapter 7 ( Endocrine ) > Flashcards

Chapter 7 ( Endocrine ) Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones action through activation of Tyrosine kinase ?

A

Insulin
IGF-1
Growth hormone
Prolactin

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2
Q

Steroid hormones ?

A 
Glucocorticoids 
Aldosterone
Testosterone 
Estrogen 
Progesterone
Thyroxin 
Vitamin D
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3
Q

Hormones action through IP3 mechanism ?

A 
ADH ( V1 receptors ) 
Alpha-1 receptors 
GnRH
GHRH
TRH
Angiotensin ll
Oxytocin
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4
Q

Hormones action through cAMP mechanism ?

A 
ADH ( V2 receptors )
Beta- 1,2 receptors 
Alpha-2 receptors 
Glucagon 
ACTH 
LH
FSH
TSH
HCG
MSH
CRH
PTH
Calcitonin
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5
Q

The only peptide hormone thats bound to protein carrier ?

A

IGF-1

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6
Q

Monomer and dimer tyrosine kinase receptors ?

A

Monomer : receptors for Nerve growth factor

Dimer : receptors for Insulin and IGF

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7
Q

Tyrosine kinase-associated receptor ?

A

Receptor for Growth Hormone

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8
Q

Hormones derived from Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) ?

A

ACTH
MSH
Beta-lipotropin
Beta-endorphin

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9
Q

How somatomedins (IGF) inhibit the secretion of growth hormone ?

A

Directly by acting on the anterior pituitary and indirectly by stimulating the release of somatostatin from hypothalamus

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10
Q

Direct actions of growth hormone ?

A

1- diabetogenic ( decrease glucose uptake into cells )
2- increase lipolysis
3- increase protein synthesis
4- increase production of IGF

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11
Q

Actions of growth hormone vis IGF ?

A

Increase protein synthesis in chondrocytes ( linear growth ) , in muscles ( lean body mass ) , most organs ( organ size )

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12
Q

Actions of prolactin ?

A

1- stimulates milk production
2- stimulates breast development
3- inhibits ovulation ( by decreasing GnRH )
4- inhibits spermatogenesis

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13
Q

Primary origin of ADH ?

A

Supraoptic nuclei in the hypothalamus

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14
Q

Factors increase and decrease ADH secretion ?

A 
1- factors increase : 
Increased osmolarity 
Volume contraction 
Pain , nausea , hypoglycemia 
Nicotine , opiates , antineoplastic drugs
2- factors decrease :
Decreased osmolarity 
Ethanol 
Alpha-agonists 
ANP
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15
Q

Primary origin of oxytocin ?

A

Paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

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16
Q

Oxytocin medical uses ?

A

To induce labor

To reduce postpartum bleeding

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17
Q

Inhibitors of Na-I cotransport ?

A

Thiocyanate

Perchlorate anions

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18
Q

Inhibitor of thyroid peroxidase enzyme ?

A

Propylthiouracil

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19
Q

T3 action in the anterior pituitary ?

A

Down regulates TRH receptors

20
Q

Organs that BMR not controlled by thyroid hormones ?

A

Brain
Gonads
Spleen

21
Q

21 carbon steroids ?

A

Progesterone
Deoxycorticosterone
Aldosterone
Cortisol

22
Q

19-carbon steroids ?

A

Have androgenic activity , are precursors to the estrogens
Dehydroepiandrosterone
Androstenedione

23
Q

18-carbon steroids ?

A

Have estrogenic activity

Oxidation of the A ring ( aromatization ) to produce estrogen occurs in the Ovaries and Placenta

24
Q

Location of the CRH containing neurons ?

A

Paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus

25
Q

ACTH action in the adrenal cortex ?

A

Stimulating cholesterol desmolase which convert cholesterol to Pregnenolone which is the precursor for the other steroids
Also ACTH up regulates its own receptors

26
Q

Anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids ?

A

1- induce the synthesis of Lipocortin which inhibits Phospholipase A2
2- inhibits the production oh Interleukin and inhibits proliferation of T lymphocytes )
3- inhibit the release of histamine and serotonin

27
Q

Phospholipase A2 function ?

A

Liberates Arachidonate from membrane phospholipids , providing the precursor for prostaglandins and interleukins synthesis

28
Q

Mechanism of the permissive action of cortisol to catecholamines ?

A

Upregulates alpha-1 receptors on arterioles

29
Q

Difference between primary and secondary immunodeficiency ?

A

Decreased ACTH in secondary : no hyperpigmentation

Normal aldosterone level in secondary : no volume contraction, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis

30
Q

Delta cells of the pancreas secrets which hormones ?

A

Somatostatin

Gastrin

31
Q

Solfonylurea drugs mechanism ?

A

Closes K channels in beta cells of pancreas —-> depolarization —-> open Ca channels —-> increase intracellular Ca —-> secretion of insulin

32
Q

Factors regulating glucagon secretion ?

A 
1- Factors increase secretion : 
Decrease blood glucose 
Increase blood amino acids 
CCK
Norepinephrine 
Epinephrine 
Acetylcholine 
2- factors decrease secretion :
Increase blood glucose 
Insulin 
Somatostatin 
Fatty acids , ketoacids
33
Q

Factors regulating insulin secretion ?

A 
1- factors increase secretion : 
Increase blood glucose 
Increase blood amino acids 
Increase blood fattyacids 
Glucagon 
GIP
Acetylcholine 
2- factors decrease secretion 
Decrease blood glucose 
Somatostatin 
Norepinephrine 
Epinephrine
34
Q

How serum magnesium regulates PTH secretion ?

A

Mild decreases in serum Mg stimulate PTH secretion

Severe decreases in serum Mg inhibit PTH secretion

35
Q

Laboratory sign of resorption of the organic matrix of bone ?

A

Increased hydroxyproline excretion

36
Q

Pseudohypoparathyroidism ?

A

Type la-Albright hereditary osteodystrophy
Caused by defective Gs protein in the kidney and bone which causes end organ resistance to PTH .
Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia not correctable by administration of PTH

37
Q

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia mechanism ?

A

Inactivating mutationsof the Ca sensing receptors that regulate PTH secretion

38
Q

Factors that increase 1-alpha hydroxylase activity in the kidney ?

A

Decreased serum Ca
Increased PTH level
Decreased serum phosphate

39
Q

Vitamin D dependent Ca-binding protein in the intestine name ?

A

Calbindin D-28K

40
Q

Medical uses of calcitonin

A 
Ttt of 
Hypercalcemia 
Osteoporosis
Paget’s disease of the bone 
Marker of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
41
Q

Hormones secreted by the testes ? By which cells ?

A

Testosterone by Leydig cells

Anti-Mullerian hormone by Sertoli cells

42
Q

5alpha-reductase inhibitor ?

A

Finasteride

43
Q

Which nuclei of hypothalamus secrets GnRH ?

A

Arcuate nuclei

44
Q

FSH and LH functions in male ?

A

FSH acts on Sertoli cells to maintain spermatogenesis

LH acts on Leydig cells to promote testosterone synthesis

45
Q

Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone cause differentiation of which organs ?

A

Testosterone : epididymis , vas deferens and seminal vesicle
Dihydrotestosterone : penis , scrotum and prostate

46
Q

Major placental estrogen ?

A

Estriol

47
Q

Why ovulation is suppressed during lactation ?

A

Because prolactin has the following effects :
Inhibits hypothalamic GnRH secretion
Inhibits action of GnRH on the anterior pituitary
Antagonizes the actions of LH and FSH on the ovaries

Physiology (7 decks)

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