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Physiology > Chapter 2 ( Neurology ) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 ( Neurology ) Flashcards

1
Q

Agonists and antagonists of alpha1 receptor ?

A

Agonists :
Norepinephrine
Phenylephrine

Antagonists :
Phenoxybenzamine
Phentolamine
Prazosine

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2
Q

Agonists and antagonists of alpha2 receptors ?

A

Agonists : Clonidine

Antagonists : Yohimbine

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3
Q

Agonists and antagonists of beta1 receptors ?

A

Agonists :
Norepinephrine
Isoproterenol
Dobutamine

Antagonists :
Propranolol
Metoprolol

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4
Q

Agonists and antagonists of beta2 receptors ?

A

Agonists :
Isoproterenol
Albuterol

Antagonists :
propranolol
Butoxamine

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5
Q

Agonists and antagonists of nicotinic receptors ?

A

Agonists :
ACh
Nicotine
Carbachol

Antagonists :
Curare —> N1 in neuromuscular junction
Hexamethonium —> N2 in ganglionic receptors

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6
Q

Agonists and antagonists of muscarinic receptors ?

A

Agonists :
ACh
Muscarine
Carbachol

Antagonists :
Atropine

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7
Q

Autonomic centers in the brain stem and hypothalamus ?

A

Medulla :
Vasomotor
Respiratory
Swallowing , coughing , vomiting

Pons : Pneumotaxic center

Midbrain : Micturation center

Hypothalamus :
Temperature regulation center
Thirst and food intake regulatory center

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8
Q

Slowly adapting ( tonic ) receptors ?

A

Muscle spindle
Pressure
Slow pain

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9
Q

Rapidly adapting ( Phasic ) receptors ?

A

Pacinian corpuscle

Light touch

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10
Q

4th order neuron of the sensory pathway site ? Function ?

A

In the appropriate sensory area of the cerebral cortex

The information received results in conscious perception of the stimulus

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11
Q

Type of fibers carrying deep sensation and fine touch ?

A

Group ll fibers

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12
Q

Type of fibers carrying superficial sensation ( except fine touch ) ?

A

Group lll and lV fibers

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13
Q

Fast pain is carried by ?

A

Group lll fibers

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14
Q

Slow pain ( aching , burning , throbbing ) is carried by ?

A

C fibers

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15
Q

Description , sensation encoded and adaptation of Pacinian corpuscle ?

A

Onion like structure in the subcutaneous skin

Vibration/tapping

Rapidly adapting

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16
Q

Description , sensation encoded and adaptation of Meissner corpuscle ?

A

Present in nonhairy skin

Velocity

Rapidly adapting

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17
Q

Description , sensation encoded and adaptation of Ruffini corpuscle ?

A

Encapsulated

Pressure

Slowly adapting

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18
Q

Description , sensation encoded and adaptation of Merkel disk ?

A

Transducer is on epithelial cells

Location

Slowly adapting

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19
Q

Hypertropia is corrected by ?

A

Convex lens

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20
Q

Myopia is corrected by ?

A

Biconcave lens

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21
Q

Astigmatism is corrected by ?

A

Cylindrical lens

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22
Q

Presbyopia is corrected by ?

A

Convex lens

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23
Q

Function of pigment epithelial cells of the retina ?

A

Absorb stray light , prevent scatter of light

Convert 11-cis retinal to all-trans retinal

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24
Q

Function of horizontal and amacrine cells in the retina ?

A

Form local circuits with the bipolar cells

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25
Q

Where is ration of cones to bipolar cells is 1:1 ?

A

The fovea

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26
Q

The photosensitive element is ? Composed of ?

A

Rhodopsin

Composed of :
Opsin ( G protein coupled-receptor )
Retinal ( and aldehyde of vitamin A )

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27
Q

Light converts 11-cis retinal to all trans retinal process ?

A

Photoisomerization

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28
Q

Vitamin necessary for the regeneration of 11-cis rhodopsin ?

A

Vitamin A

Deficiency of which causes Night Blindness

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29
Q

Activator of Gt ( transducin ) ?

A

Metarhodopsin ll

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30
Q

Active Gt function ?

A

Activates phosphodiesterase

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31
Q

Types of glutamate receptors on bipolar and horizontal cells ?

A

1- Ionotropic glutamate receptors : Excitatory

2- Metabotropic glutamate receptors : Inhibitory

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32
Q

Visual cortex cell types ?

A

Simple cells
Complex cells
Hypercomplex cells

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33
Q

Simple cells of the visual cortex responds best to ?

A

Bars of light that have the correct position and orientation

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34
Q

Complex cells of the visual cortex responds best to ?

A

Moving bars or edges of light with the correct orientation

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35
Q

Hypercomplex cells of the visual cortex responds best to ?

A

Lines with particular length
Curves
Angles

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36
Q

How the sound is amplified in the middle ear ?

A

1- the lever action of the ossicles

2- the concentration of sound waves from the large tympanic membrane onto the smaller oval window

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37
Q

Perilymph site and character ?

A

In scala vestibuli and scala tympani

Has a high Na+

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38
Q

Endolymph site and character ?

A

In scala media

Has high K+

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39
Q

Scala media is bordered by ? Which is the site of ?

A

The basilar membrane

Organ of corti

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40
Q

Why sound waves causes vibration of organ of Corti ?

A

Because the basilar membrane is more elastic than the tectorial membrane , vibration of the basilar membrane causes the hair cells to bend by a shearing force as they push against the tectorial membrane

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41
Q

Consequence of bending of the cilia of hair cells ?

A

Changes in K conductance in the hair cells
Bending in one direction causing depolarization , bending in the other direction causes repolarization
The oscillating potential that results is the cochlear microphonic potential

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42
Q

The hair cells in the base of basilar membrane responds best to which sound ?

A

High frequencies sounds

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43
Q

The apex of the basilar membrane responds best to which sound ?

A

Low frequencies sounds

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44
Q

Structures of the vestibular organ ?

A

Three perpendicular semicircular canals
Utricle
Saccule

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45
Q

Receptors of the semicircular canals ? Located in ?

A

Cilia on the hair cells

Embedded in a gelatinous structure called the Cupula

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46
Q

The only neurons in the adult human male that replace themselves ?

A

The olfactory receptor cells

47
Q

Nerve fiber type of olfactory neves ?

A

C fibers

48
Q

Mitral cells in the olfactory bulb ?

A

Second order neurons

Output of the mitral cells forms the olfactory tract which projects to the prepiriform cortex

49
Q

Type of taste papillae in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue ? Detects what ? Innervated by ?

A

Fungiform papillae

Salty , sweet , umami sensation

CN Vll ( chorda tympani )

50
Q

Type of papillae in the posterior 1/3 of the tongue ? Detects ? Innervated by ?

A

Circumvallate and folliate papillae

Sour and bitter sensation

CN lX

51
Q

Taste pathway ?

A

Fibers from CN Vll, lX, X enter the medulla and ascends in the solitary tract —> solitary nucleus —> ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus —> the taste cortex

52
Q

Group of motoneurons that innervates fibers within the same muscle ?

A

The motoneuron pool

53
Q

Types of muscle sensors ? Type of their afferent fibers ? Detects what ?

A

1- Muscle spindle
Group la, ll afferents
Detects static and dynamic changes in muscle length

2- Golgi tendon organs
Group lb afferents
Detect muscle tension

3- Pacinian corpuscles
Group ll afferents
Detect vibration

4- Free nerve endings
Group lll, lV afferents
Detects noxious stimuli

54
Q

Extrafusal fibers are innervated by ?

A

Alpha-motoneurons

55
Q

Intrafusal fibers are innervated by ?

A

Gamma-motoneurons

56
Q

Types of intrafusal fibers in muscle spindles ? Innervated by which type of afferent fibers ? Detects what ?

A

1- Nuclear bag fibers
Group la afferents
Detects dynamic changes in muscle length

2- Nuclear chain fibers
Group ll afferents
Detects static changes in muscle length

57
Q

Functions of gamma motoneurons ?

A

Adjust the sensitivity of muscle spindle so that it will respond appropriately during muscle contraction

58
Q

Stretch reflex number of synapses ? Stimulus ? Afferent fibers type ? Response ?

A

Monosynaptic

Stretch of muscle

Group la fibers

Contraction of the muscle

59
Q

Golgi tendon reflex number of synapses ? Stimulus ? Afferent fibers type ? Response ?

A

Disynaptic

Contraction of muscle

Group Ib fibers

Relaxation of the muscle

60
Q

Flexor withdrawal reflex number of synapses ? Stimulus ? Afferent fibers type ? Response ?

A

Polysynaptic

Pain

Groups ll, lll, lV fibers

Ipsilateral flexion and contralateral extension

61
Q

Renshaw cells site and function ?

A

Inhibitory cells in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

Receives input from collateral axons from motoneurons and when stimulated negatively feedback on the motoneurons

62
Q

Rubrospinal tract originates in ? Projects to ? Stimulation of its origin produces ?

A

The red nucleus

Interneurons in the lateral spinal cord

Stimulation of flexors and inhibition of extensors

63
Q

Pontine reticulospinal tract originates in ? Projects to ? Stimulation of it produces ?

A

The nuclei in the pons

The ventromedial spinal cord

General stimulatory effect on both extensors and flexors , with the predominant effect on extensors

64
Q

Medullary reticulospinal tract originates in ? Projects to ? Stimulation of it produces ?

A

Medullary reticular formation

Spinal cord interneurons in the intermediate grey area

A general inhibitory effect on both extensors and flexors , with the predominant effect on extensors

65
Q

Lateral vestibular tract originates in ? Projects to ? Stimulation of it produces ?

A

Deiters nucleus

Projects to ipsilateral motoneurons and interneurons

Powerful stimulation of extensors and inhibition of flexors

66
Q

Tectospinal tract originates in ? Projects to ? Involved in ?

A

The superior colliculus

The cervical spinal cord

The control of neck muscles

67
Q

Transection of the spinal cord at C7 produces ?

A

Loss of sympathetic tone on the heart ( ⬇️ HR and BP )

68
Q

Transection of the spinal cord at C3 produces ?

A

Breathing will stop ( because respiratory muscles have been disconnected from centers in the brain stem )

69
Q

Transection of the spinal cord at C1 produces ?

A

Death ( Hanging )

70
Q

Effect of transection above lateral vestibular nucleus ?

A

Decerebrate rigidity

71
Q

Effect of transection above the pontine reticular formation but below the midbrain ?

A

Decerebrate rigidity

72
Q

Effect of transection above the red nucleus ?

A

Decorticate posturing and intact tonic neck reflexes

73
Q

Functions of the cerebellum ?

A

Vestibulocerebellum : control of balance and eye movement

Pontocerebellum : planning and initiation of movement

Spinocerebellum : synergy

74
Q

Layers of the cerebellar cortex ? Types of cells in it ?

A

1- Granular layer :
Granule cells , Golgi type ll cells , Glomeruli
( in the glomeruli axons of mossy fibers forms synaptic connections on dendrites of granular and golgi type ll cells )

2- Purkinje cell layer :
Purkinje cells
( output is always inhibitory )

3- Molecular layer :
Stellate cells , Basket cells , Dendrites of purkinje and golgi type ll cells , Parallel fibers ( axone of granule cells )
( the parallel fibers synapse on dendrites of purkinje cells , basket cells , stellate cells and golgi type ll cells

75
Q

Input to the cerebellar cortex through which fibers ?

A

Climbing fibers

Mossy fibers

76
Q

Climbing fibers origin ? Type of its spikes ? Function ?

A

From a single region of the medulla ( olive nucleus )

Complex spikes ( high frequency bursts )

Play a role in cerebellar motor learning

77
Q

Mossy fibers origin ? Type of its spikes ?

A

From many centers in the brain stem and spinal cord
Include vestibulocerebellar , pontocerebellar and spinocerebellar afferents

Simple spikes

78
Q

The only output of the cerebellar cortex ? Inhibitory or excitatory ? Neurotransmitters involved ? Projects to ? Function ?

A

Purkinje cells

Inhibitory

GABA

Projects to Deep cerebellar nuclei and to the Vestibular nucleus

Synergy

79
Q

The basal ganglia consists of ?

A

Striatum
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nuclei
Substantia nigra

80
Q

Function of the basal ganglia ?

A

Modulates thalamic outflow to the motor cortex to plan and excute smooth movements

81
Q

The striatum consists of ?

A

Caudate
Putamen
Nucleus accumbens

82
Q

The striatum communicates with the thalamus and the cerebral cortex by ?

A

Indirect pathway : inhibitory

Direct pathway : excitatory

83
Q

Connections between the striatum and substantia nigra use which neurotransmitter ?

A

Dopamine

84
Q

The overall action of dopamine is ?

A

Excitatory

85
Q

Dopamine on the indirect pathway ?

A

Inhibitory through D2 receptors

86
Q

Dopamine on the direct pathway ?

A

Excitatory through D1 receptors

87
Q

Lesions of the globus pallidus results in ?

A

Inability to maintain postural support

88
Q

Lesions of the striatum result in ? Occurs in patients with ?

A

Quick continuous uncontrollable movements

Huntington disease

89
Q

Lesions of the subthalamic nucleus results in ?

A

Wild flinging movements ( hemiballismus )

90
Q

Lesions of the substantia nigra caused by ? Occurs in patients with ? Symptoms ?

A

Destruction of dopaminergic neurons

Parkinson disease

Lead pipe rigidity , tremors , reduced voluntary movements

91
Q

Function of premotor cortex and supplementary cortex ( area 6 ) ?

A

Generating a plan for movements which is transferred to primary motor cortex ( area 4 ) for execution

The supplementary motor cortex programs complex motor sequences and is active during mental rehearsal for a movement

92
Q

EEG waves consists of ?

A

Alternating excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials in the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex

93
Q

Cortical evoked potential ?

A

EEG change which reflects synaptic potential evoked in large numbers of neurons

94
Q

Type of EEG waves in awake adults with eye open ?

A

Beta waves predominates

95
Q

Type of EEG waves in awake adults with eyes closed ?

A

Alpha waves predominates

96
Q

Type of EEG waves during sleep ?

A

Slow waves predominates

97
Q

The circadian periodicity of sleep-wake cycles is driven by ?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

98
Q

REM sleep is characterized by ?

A

Eye movements
Loss of muscle tone
Pupillary constriction
Penile erection

99
Q

Factors decreasing REM sleep duration ?

A

Benzodiazepines

Increasing age

100
Q

The right hemisphere is dominant in ?

A

Facial expression
Intonation
Body language
Spatial tasks

101
Q

Short term memory involves ?

A

Synaptic changes

102
Q

Long term memory involves ?

A

Structural changes in the nervous system

103
Q

What type of lesions block the abolity to form new long term memories ?

A

Bilateral lesions of the Hippocampus

104
Q

BBB consists of ?

A

Endothelial cells of the cerebral capillaries

Choroid plexus epithelium

105
Q

Substances that are excluded from the CSF ?

A

Protein

Cholesterol

106
Q

Substances which concentration is equal in CSF and blood ?

A

Na
Cl
HCO3
Osmolarity

107
Q

Substances which concentration in CSF is less than that in blood ?

A 
K
Ca
Glucose 
Protein 
Cholesterol
108
Q

Substances which concentration is more in CSF than in Blood ?

A

Mg

Creatinine

109
Q

The most potent mechanism for increasing heat production ? Mechanism ?

A

Shivering

Cold temperature activate the shivering response which is orchestrated by the posterior hypothalamus

110
Q

Heat loss mechanism ( response to heat ) is orchestrated by ?

A

Anterior hypothalamus

111
Q

How steroids reduce fever ?

A

By blocking the release of arachidonic acid from brain phospholipids , thereby preventing the production of prostaglandins

112
Q

How the pyrogens causes fever ?

A

Increase production of IL-1 by phagocytic cells which acts on the anterior hypothalamus to increase the production of prostaglandins which increase the set point temperature

113
Q

Heat exhaustion is caused by ?

A

Excessive sweating which decreases blood volume and arterial BP leading to syncope

114
Q

Cause of malignant hyperthermia ?

A

Inhalation anesthetics in susceptible individuals

Physiology (7 decks)

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