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Physiology > Chapter 1 ( Cell Physiology ) > Flashcards

Chapter 1 ( Cell Physiology ) Flashcards

1
Q

Na+

A

136-145 mEq/L

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2
Q

K+

A

3.5-5 mEq/L

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3
Q

Cl-

A

100-106 mEq/L

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4
Q

HCO3-

A

22-26 mEq/L

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5
Q

BUN

A

8-25 mg/dl

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6
Q

Creatinine

A

0.8-1.2 mg/dl

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7
Q

ECF osmolality equation ?

A

ECF estimated osmolality =

2(Na)mEq/L + Glucose mg% / 18 + Urea mg% / 28

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8
Q

Factors stimulating aldosterone release ?

A

1- plasma angiotensin ll

2- plasma K

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9
Q

Regulators of ADH secretion ?

A

1- plasma osmolality ( directly related )
2- blood pressure ( inversely related )
3- angiotensin ll
4- CRH

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10
Q

Regulators of renin secretion ?

A

1- perfusion pressure to the kidney ( inversely related )
2- sympathetic stimulation by Beta-1 receptors
3- Na delivery to macula densa ( inversely related )

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11
Q

Circulating agents that increase capillary permeability ?

A

TNF-alpha
Bradykinin
Histamine
Cytokines

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12
Q

ECF measurement tracers ?

A

Inulin
Mannitol
Sodium
Sucrose

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13
Q

Total body water measurement tracer ?

A

Titrated water

Urea

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14
Q

Formula to convert plasma volume to blood volume ?

A

Blood volume =

Plasma volume / 1 - hematocrit

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15
Q

Diffusion equation ?

A

J = PA(C1-C2)

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16
Q

Characteristics of carrier mediated transporters ?

A

Stereospecificity
Saturation
Competition

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17
Q

Specific inhibitors of Na,K ATPase ?

A

Ouabain

Digitalis

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18
Q

Location of Na-Glucose cotransport ?

A

The luminal membrane of intestinal mucosal cells

Renal proximal tubule cells

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19
Q

Examples of cotransports ?

A

Na-glucose cotransport

Na-K-2Cl cotransport

20
Q

Examples for countertransport ?

A

Na-Ca countertransport

Na-H countertransport

21
Q

Effective osmotic pressure equation ?

A

Effective osmotic pressure =
Number of particles in solution osm/mol x concentration mol/L x gas content x absolute temperature x the reflection coefficient

22
Q

Mechanism of nicotinic receptor ?

A

Its a ligand gated ion channel that opens when ACh binds to it , when open its permeable for Na and K causing the motor end plate to depolarize

23
Q

Nernst equation ?

A 
Equation to calculate equilibrium potential 
E = ( 60/z ) x log10(c1/c2)
z : charge on the ion 
c1 : intracellular concentration 
c2 : extracellular concentration
24
Q

Properties of action potential ?

A

Has stereotypical size and shape
Propagating
All or none

25
Q

Mechanism of Tetrodoxin and lidocaine ?

A

Blockage of the voltage sensitive Na channels and abolish action potentials

26
Q

Tetraethylammonium mechanism ?

A

Blockage of the voltage gated K channels

27
Q

Why the myelinated nerves exhibit saltatory conduction ?

A

Because action potentials can be generated only at nodes of Ranvier where there are gaps in the myelin sheath

28
Q

Toxins that block inactivation of the voltage gated Na channels

A

Ciguatoxin (fish)

Batrachotoxin (frogs)

29
Q

Botulinus toxin mechanism ?

A

Blocks release of ACh from presynaptic vesicles leads to total blockade of neuromuscular transmission

30
Q

Curare mechanism ?

A

Competes with ACh for receptors on motor end plate , leads to decreased size of EPP , maximum doses of which cause respiratory muscles paralysis and death

31
Q

Neostigmine mechanism ?

A

Inhibits acetylcholinesterase leading to prolongation and enhancing of ACh action at MEP

32
Q

Hemicholinium mechanism ?

A

Blocks reuptake of choline into presynaptic terminal leading to depletion of ACh stores from presynaptic terminal

33
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters ?

A 
Acetylcholine 
Norepinephrine 
Epinephrine 
Dopamine 
Serotonin
Glutamate
34
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters ?

A

GABA

Glycine

35
Q

Enzymes that metabolize norepinephrine ?

A 
Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
36
Q

Parkinson disease mechanism ?

A

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons that use the D2 receptors

37
Q

Schizophrenia mechanism ?

A

Increased levels of D2 receptors

38
Q

Subtypes of glutamate receptors

A 
Inotropic receptors  ( ligand gated ion channels )
Metabotropic receptor ( coupled to ion channels via heterotrimeric G protein
39
Q

Types of GABA receptors ?

A

1- GABA a receptor : increases Cl conductance , site of action of Benzodiazepines and barbiturates
2- GABA b receptor : increases K conductance

40
Q

Glycine receptor mechanism ?

A

Increases Cl conductance

41
Q

Myosin structure ?

A

6 polypeptide chains , one pair of heavy chain and two pairs of light chain

42
Q

Troponin structure ?

A

Complex of three globular proteins :
Troponin T
Troponin I
Troponin C

43
Q

Receptor of the T tubules ?

A

Dihydropyridine receptor , voltage sensitive protein

44
Q

Calcium release channel in the SR ?

A

Ryanodine channel

45
Q

Types of smooth muscles ?

A

1- Multiunit : iris , ciliary muscle , vas deferens
2- Unitary : uterus , git , ureter , bladder
3- vascular smooth muscles

Physiology (7 decks)

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