Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Chapter 5 ( Renal And Acid-Base Physiology ) > Flashcards

Chapter 5 ( Renal And Acid-Base Physiology ) Flashcards

1
Q

Clearance of a substance equation ?

A

Clearance = ( urine concentration x urine volume ) / plasma concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Vasodilators of the renal arterioles ?

A 
Prostaglandins E2 
Interleukin 2
Bradykinin 
Nitric oxide 
Dopamine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ANP action on renal arterioles ?

A

Vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles
Vasodilatation of afferent arterioles
Which leads to increased RBC and GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mechanisms of autoregulation of RBF ?

A

1- Myogenic mechanism : by stretch receptors in the wall of renal afferent arterioles
2- Tubuloglomerular feedback : by sensation of the macula densa of increased load of NaCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Renal plasma flow equation ?

A

Equals the clearance of PAH which

= ( urine concentration of PAH x urine volume ) / plasma concentration of PAH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Renal blood flow equation ?

A

RBF = RPF / ( 1- hematocrit )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

GFR equation ?

A

Equals the clearance of Inulin which =

( urine concentration of inulin x urine volume ) / plasma concentration of inulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Filtration fraction equation ?

A

FF = GFR / RPF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What restricts plasma proteins filtration in nephrons ?

A

Anionic glycoproteins lining the filtration barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Glucose threshold ? Tm ? Splay range ?

A

Threshold : plasma concentration of 250 mg/dL
Tm : plasma concentration of 350 mg/dL
Splay range : plasma concentration of 250-350 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Compounds that compete for the non-specific organic anion secretion system that PAH uses ?

A

Penicillin
Furosemide
Acetazolamide
Salicylate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Equation to measure the fraction of the filtered water that has been reabsorbed ?

A

= 1 - ( 1 / [TF/P]inulin )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How to know the fraction of the filtered load remaining at any point along the nephron ?

A

[TF/P]substance / [TF/P]inulin RATIO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Acetazolamide mechanism ?

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor ( diuretic ) that act in the early proximal tubule by inhibiting reabsorption of filtered HCO3-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Early Proximal tubule reabsorption ?

A

67% of Na and water
All of glucose , amino acids and HCO3-
Some phosphate and lactate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Late proximal tubule reabsorption ?

A

Na with Cl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Reabsorption of the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle ?

A

25 % of Na
Contains Na-K-2Cl cotransporter in the luminal membrane
Impermeable to water so TF/P Na and TF/P osm are < 1 therefore its called the Diluting Segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mechanism pf action of loop diuretics ?

A

Inhibiting the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Reabsorption of early distal tubule ?

A

NaCl by Na-Cl cotransporter

Impermeable to water so its called the Cortical Diluting System

20
Q

Mechanism of thiazide diuretics ?

A

Inhibiting Na-Cl cotransporter in the early distal tubule

21
Q

Function of principal cells in the late distal tubule and collecting duct ?

A

1-Reabsorb Na and H2O
2-Secret K
3-Site of action of Aldosterone which increases Na reabsorption and K secretion
4-Site of action of ADH which increases H2O permeability by directing the insertion of H2O channels in the luminal membrane

22
Q

Functions of alpha-intercalated cells in late distal tubule and collecting duct ?

A

Secret H+ by an H+ ATPase

Reabsorb K by an H+,K ATPase

23
Q

Causes of shift of K into cells ?

A

Insulin
Beta adrenergic agonists
Alkalosis
Hyposmolarity

24
Q

Causes of shift of K out of cells ?

A 
Insulin deficiency 
Beta adrenergic antagonists 
Acidosis 
Hyperosmolarity 
Inhibitors of Na-K pump ( ex: digitalis ) 
Exercise 
Cell lysis
25
Q

Causes of increased distal K secretion ?

A 
High K diet 
Hyperaldosteronism 
Alkalosis
Thiazide and loop diuretics 
Luminal anions
26
Q

Causes of decreased distal K secretion ?

A

Low K diet
Hypoaldosteronism
Acidosis
K sparing diuretics

27
Q

Mechanism of action of K sparing diuretics ?

A

Spironolactone : aldosterone antagonist

Triamterene and Amiloride : act directly on the principle cells causing decrease K secretion

28
Q

ADH action on renal regulation of urea ?

A

Stimulates a facilitated diffusion transporter for urea (UT1) in the inner medullary collecting ducts , urea reabsorption from inner medullary collecting ducts contributes to urea recycling in the inner medulla and to the addition of urea to the corticopapillary osmotic gradient

29
Q

PTH action on renal regulation of phosphate ?

A

Inhibits phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule by activating adenylate cyclase , generating cAMP and inhibiting Na-phosphate cotransport , therefore PTH causes phosphaturia and increase urinary cAMP .

30
Q

Product of phosphate buffering H+ ?

A

H2PO4- ( Titratable acid )

31
Q

Loop diuretics effect on renal regulation of Ca ?

A

Inhibit Na reabsorption which in turn inhibits Ca reabsorption , as Ca reabsorption is coupled to Na reabsorption in the loop of Henle .
If the volume is replaced , loop diuretics can be used in ttt of hypercalcemia

32
Q

Thiazide diuretics effect on renal regulation of Ca ?

A

Increases Ca reabsorption in early distal tubule , and therefore decrease Ca excretion .
Its used in ttt of idiopathic hypercalciuria

33
Q

PTH effect on renal regulation of Ca ?

A

Increases Ca reabsorption by activating adenylate cyclase in the distal tubule

34
Q

How the corticopapillary osmotic gradient is maintained ?

A

By countercurrent exchange in the vasa recta

35
Q

Equation of free water clearance ?

A

C H2O = V - C osm

Cosm = (U osm x V) / P osm

36
Q

CO2

A

33 - 45

37
Q

HCO3-

A

22-28

38
Q

Examples for fixed acids ?

A 
Sulfuric acid 
Phosphoric acid 
Ketoacids 
Lactic acid 
Salicylic acid
39
Q

Extracellular buffers and their pK ?

A

HCO3- pK : 6.1

HPO4-2 pK : 6.8

40
Q

Intracellular buffers ?

A

Organic phosphates
Ex : AMP, ADP , ATP , DPG
Proteins
Ex : Hemoglobin ( deoxy is better than oxy )

41
Q

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to calculate pH ?

A

pH = pK + log ( A- / HA )

42
Q

Winter’s equation ?

A

Pco2 = (1.5 x HCO3-) + 8 +-2

43
Q

Unmeasured anions thats responsible for the anion gab ?

A

Phosphate
Sulfate
Citrate
Proteins

44
Q

Normal range of anion gab ?

A

8-16 mEq/L

45
Q

Mechanism of different types of renal tubular acidosis ?

A

Type l : failure to excrete titratable acid and NH4
Type ll : renal loss of HCO3-
Type lV : hypoaldosteronism —> hyperkalemia —-> increased K-H exchange —-> decreased H in urine and decrease formation of NH4 —-> accumulation of NH3 in urin ——> increased intracellular NH3 due to failure of its secretion —-> inhibition of further synthesis of NH3 in tubular cells

46
Q

Percentage of Phosphate excreted in the urine ?

A

15 %

Only 85 % is reabsorbed in proximal convoluted tubule , maybe less under action of PTH ( inhibits Na - P cotransport )

47
Q

Action of Angiotensin ll on the kidney ?

A

Increases Na-H exchange and HCO3 reabsorption from proximal convoluted tubule

Physiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions