Chapter 7 - Deviance and Control Flashcards
a violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, where folkways, mores, or codified law.
deviance
who studied deviance?
William Graham Sumner
the regulation and enforcement of norms
social control
an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members base their daily lives
social order
the means of enforcing rules
sanctions
rewards giving for conforming norms (promotion for working hard)
positive sanctions
punishments for violating norms (arrested for shoplifting)
negative sanctions
face-to-face social interactions (facial expressions, high-five, etc)
informal sanctions
ways to officially recognize and enforce norm violations (expulsion, prison, termination)
formal sanctions
who believed that deviance is a necessary part of a successful society?
Émile Durkheim
theory addressing that access to socially acceptable goals plays a part in determining whether a person conforms or deviates
strain theory
Robert Merton’s five ways people respond to having a socially accepted goal, but no socially accepted way to pursue it.
Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism (build up goals to reach next), Retreatism, Rebellion.
Theory that asserts that crime is likely to occur in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control.
social disorganization theory
Who believed there is an unequal system, leading to deviance from inequalities in wealth and power?
Karl Marx
a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources (executives, politicians, celebrities, military leader)
power elite
theory that examines the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person my members of society
labeling theory
who studied labeling theory and the two types of deviance
Edwin Lemert
a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others
primary deviance
occurs when a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society
secondary deviance
a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual (doctor, artist, convict)
master status
Five techniques of label neutralization
Denial of responsibility, injury or the victim, condemnation of condemners/appeal to higher authority
theory that suggested that individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance
differential association theory
theory that examine social and economic factors as the causes of criminal deviance
conflict theory
theory that states that social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society
control theory
four types of social bonds connecting people to society as identified by Travis Hirschi
Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, and Belief
a behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions
crime
maintains formal social control through laws which are rules adopted and enforced by a political authority
legal codes
crimes based on the use of force or the threat of force
violent crimes
crimes involving the destruction or theft of property but do not use force or the threat of force
nonviolent crimes
offenses committed by ordinary people against other people or organizations, usually in public spaces
street crime
crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment (embezzlement, insider trading, etc)
corporate crime
crimes where the perpetrator is not explicitly harming another person, but is still illegal
victimless crime
attacks based on a person’s race, religion, or other characteristics
hate crimes
a collection of data gathered using voluntary response methods, such as questionnaires or telephone interviews
self-report study
an organization that exists to enforce a legal code
criminal justice system
branch of the US justice system in charge of enforcing laws and public order at a federal, state or community level.
police
part of justice system that has the authority to make decisions based on law
court
supervises individuals who have been arrested, convicted, and sentenced for a criminal offense, plus people detained while awaiting hearings, trials or other procedures
corrections system
