Chapter 4 - Society and Social Interaction Flashcards
Who defined societies in terms of their technological sophistication?
Sociologist Gerhard Lenski Jr.
What societies demonstrate the strongest dependence on the environment out of the various types of preindustrial societies?
Hunter-Gatherer Societies
Which preindustrial society relies on the domestication of animals as a resource for survival?
Pastoral (or Herding) Societies
Which preindustrial society formed in areas allowing for the cultivation of plants, where they were able to start permanent settlements?
Horticultural Societies
Which preindustrial society relied on farming and permanent tools (such as metal in comparison to sticks) for survival?
Agricultural Societies
Which preindustrial society contained a strict hierarchical system of power based around land ownership and protection?
Feudal Societies
During what centuries of the Industrial Revolution was sociology born?
The eighteenth and nineteenth
What postindustrial society is based on the production of information and services?
Information Societies
What society is rooted in the production of material goods?
Industrial Societies
Who were the three people that formed the base of modern-day perspectives, developing theoretical approaches to understand societal function?
Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber
Which sociologist’s perspective on society stressed the necessary interconnectivity of all its elements (functionalist).
Émile Durkheim
What are the communal beliefs, morals and attitudes of a society called?
The Collective Conscience
What is the strength of ties that people have to their social groups called?
Social Integration
Who believed that a society is greater than the sum of its parts and that crime punishment reaffirms the moral consciousness?
Émile Durkheim
What is the type of social order maintained by the collective conscience of a culture, that mostly does things because they have always been done that way? (Common in preindustrial societies)
Mechanical Solidarity
Which social order replaces mechanical, and is based around an acceptance of economic and social differences? (last stage of development)
Organic Solidarity
Which social order results from the transition from mechanical to organic solidarity, and is a situation where a society no longer has a collective consciousness and members are more interdependent?
A Social Anomie
Which sociologist believed that society’s constructions were predicated upon the idea of “base and superstructure.”
Karl Marx
Which sociologist saw a ‘class antagonisms’ between the bourgeoise (owners of production means) and the proletariat (the laborers)?
Karl Marx
What is the political system that organizes the tools of labor (land, oil, factories, ships, etc) to be owned by individual people and companies rather than government?
Capitalism
What term refers to the condition in which the individual is isolated and divorces from his or her society, work, or the sense of self? (Described by Karl Marx)
Alienation
What are the four types of alienation?
Alienation from the product, the process, others and one’s self.
What is the term for the condition where the beliefs, ideals, or ideology of a person are not in the person’s own best interest?
False Consciousness
What is the term for the awareness of one’s rank in society? This allows members to advocate as a group.
Class Consciousness
Which sociologist believes that the structure of society lays in the elements of class, status and power, which determines an individual’s power or influence?
Max Weber
What type of society is built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or tradition?
A Rational Society
What is the term referring to when an individual is trapped by institutions and bureaucracy, as a result of industrialization and rationalization?
Iron Cage
Which of the three sociological paradigms corespondent to Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber?
Émile Durkheim = functionalist ; Karl Marx = Conflict Theorist ; Max Weber = symbolic interactionist
Which term refers to how society is created by humans and humans before them, whose actions repeat and form a pattern/habit?
Habitualization
What is the act of implanting a convention or norm into society?
Institutionalization
What is the theorem that describes how people’s behavior can be determined by their subjective construction of reality, rather than by objective reality?
Thomas Theorem
Acting on or believing in a situation in such a way, that the prophesied idea becomes reality.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Patterns of behavior that are recognized in each other and are representative (and expected) of a person’s social status
Roles
Describes the responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to their rank and role in society.
Status
A status you do not select, such as a daughter, female, teenager, etc
Ascribed Status
A status obtained by choice, such as a dropout, entrepreneur, or nurse (education or income)
Achieved Status
Array of roles a person holds
Role-set
What does someone experience if there is too much required of them in a single role?
Role Strain
What does someone experience if there are one or more roles that are contradictory, creating stress and forcing decision?
Role Conflict
What is the term for how a person expressed his or her role?
Role Performance
What is the term that describes how people base their image of themselves based on what they think other people see?
Looking-glass Self
