Chapter 6 - Groups and Organizations Flashcards
What term refers to any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who she a sense that their identity is somehow aligned? (club)
A group
What terms refers to people who happen to be in the same place at the same time, but who do not interact or share a sense of identity? (Starbuck’s Line)
Aggregate or Crowd
What is the term for people who share similar characteristics but are not tied to one another in any way? (Millennials)
Category
Who suggested that groups can broadly be divided into two categories: primary and secondary?
Charles Horton Cooley
What group (as described by Cooley) is usually fairly small and made up of individuals who generally engage face-to-face in long-term emotional ways? (family)
Primary Groups
What term describes when something serves for emotional needs?
an expressive function
What group (as described by Cooley) is often larger and impersonal and may also be task-focused and time-limited? (office/classroom)
Secondary Group
What term describes when something serves for a more goal or task oriented need?
Instrumental Function
What group (as described by Sumner) is a group someone doesn’t belong to, potentially feeling disdain or competition in relation to?
out-group
Who developed the concepts of in-group and out-group?
William Sumner
What group (as described by Sumner) is the group that an individual feels they belong to and believe to be an integral part of who they are?
in-group
What is a group that people compare themselves to providing a standard of measurement?
A reference group
Who wrote extensively about the difference between a dyad and a triad?
Georg Simmel
What is the term for a group of two, where if one person withdraws, it no loner exists?
dyad
What is the term for a group of three, that can still exists if a member leaves, or can have 2v1 dynamics?
triad
What term refers to the main goal of the leader, which may be instrumental or expressive?
Leadership Function
What type of leader is goal-oriented and largely concerned with accomplishing set tasks?
An instrumental leader
What type of leader is more concerned with promoting emotional strength and health, and ensuring that people feel supported?
An expressive leader
What is the style a leader uses to achieve goals or elicit actions from group members?
leadership style
What are the three types of leadership styles?
Democratic, laissez-faire and authoritarian
What type of leader encourages group participation in decisions and works to build consensus?
Democratic leaders
What type of leader is hands-off, allowing group members to self-manage and make their own decisions?
Laissez-faire
What type of leader issues orders and assigns tasks with little to no feedback from group members?
Authoritarian leaders
What is the extent to which an individual complies with group norms or expectations?
Conformity
What term defines the situation in which people are less likely to interfere during an emergency or violation of a norm when others are around?
Bystander effect
Schools, Businesses, Healthcare, Government (large, impersonal) are all what types of organizations?
Formal Organizations
Who proposed that formal organizations have three categories?
Amitai Etzioni
What type of organization is based on shared interest and had voluntary membership?
Normative/ Voluntary organizations
What type of organization does some need to be coerced or pushed to join? (prison, rehab,etc)
Coercive organizations
a coercive organization where inmates or military soldiers live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs
total institutions
What type of organization is contractually joined because of the need for a specific material reward? (HS=diploma, work=money)
Utilitarian organization
a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and impersonality?
bureaucracy
what refers to the clear chain of command in bureaucracies?
hierarchy of authority
what is it called when each individual has a specialized task to perform?
clear division of labor
what is it called when a bureaucracy has rules that are outlined, written down and standardized?
explicit rules
what is it called when you take personal feelings out of professional situations?
impersonality
what bureaucracy’s membership and advancement is based on proven and documented skills rather than nepotism or random choice?
meritocracies
what is the theory for when an entire organization is ruled by a few elites rather than collaboration?
iron rule of oligarchy
What term refers to the increasing presence of the fast food business model in common social institutions, including government, education and relationships?
McDonaldization of Society
