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PSYC 2235 - Lifespan Development > Chapter 7 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood Flashcards

1
Q

what stage would Piaget say children are in during early childhood?

A

preoperational stage

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2
Q

what is egocentrism?

A

the lack of understanding that other perspectives may exist

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3
Q

what is centration?

A

when a child can only focus on one situation at a time

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4
Q

what is semiotic/symbolic function?

A

the understanding that one object/behaviour can represent another (e.g. using a banana as a phone)

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5
Q

what are conservation tasks?

A

they measure a child’s ability to see that some properties are conserved even after the object underwent transformation

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6
Q

what is identity in terms of conservation tasks?

A

the idea that amounts don’t change unless you do something to change them

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7
Q

what is compensation in terms of conservation tasks?

A

all characteristics must be considered before conclusions are made

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8
Q

what is reversibility?

A

awareness that conditions can be reversed and returned to original states

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9
Q

what is animism?

A

the assumption that nonliving things are living

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10
Q

at what age can children start solving false belief tests?

A

around age 4

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11
Q

what are false belief tests?

A

they test if a child can believe that another person may believe something that is not true

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12
Q

_____ is increased once a child can solve false belief tests

A

lying

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13
Q

define theory of mind

A

a set of ideas used to explain behaviours, thoughts, ideas, beliefs, and desires of ones self and others

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14
Q

what is operational efficiency?

A

the maximum number of schemes that can be processed in working memory at one time

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15
Q

what is metamemory?

A

knowledge about how memory works and is able to control one’s own memory function

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16
Q

what is megacognition?

A

knowledge about how the mind works and the ability to control one’s own thought processes

17
Q

what is Vygotsky’s primitive stage?

A

mental processes are similar to lower animals

18
Q

what is Vygotsky’s naive psychology stage?

A

ability to use language but lacks understanding about its symbolic nature

19
Q

what is Vygotsky’s egocentric speech stage?

A

uses language as a way to solve problems (talking to themselves out loud)

20
Q

what is Vygotsky’s in growth stage?

A

self-directed speech becomes internalized

21
Q

what is fast mapping?

A

the ability to categorically link new words to real-world referents (e.g. knowing what a word means after hearing it only once or twice)

22
Q

what is overextension?

A

using words too broadly (e.g. daytimers -> all books are daytimers)

23
Q

what is underextension?

A

doesn’t use a word enough

24
Q

what is a grammar explosion?

A

when a child’s grammar becomes more adult-like

25
Q

what are inflections?

A

grammatical markers (e.g. -s, -ed, -ing)

26
Q

what is overregularization?

A

the attachment of inflections to irregular words (e.g. goed instead of went, putted instead of put)

27
Q

is overregularization progress or a setback?

A

progress

28
Q

what is phonological awareness?

A

a child’s understanding of the sound patterns of their language

29
Q

what is the Binet-Simon intelligence test?

A

measures mental age for school placement

30
Q

what is the Stanford-Binet intelligence test?

A

measures the intelligence quotient (IQ)

31
Q

what is fluid reasoning?

A

the ability to manipulate information into a reasoning process

32
Q

what is working memory index?

A

the ability to manipulate the working memory

33
Q

what is the processing speed index?

A

the speed of information processing

34
Q

do enriched preschool programs result in lasting IQ increases?

A

only if they are continuous

35
Q

what is reaction range?

A

boundaries for traits that are established by genes, the environment determining where one falls

PSYC 2235 - Lifespan Development (10 decks)

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