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PSYC 2235 - Lifespan Development > Chapter 2 - Theories of Development > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Theories of Development Flashcards

1
Q

what are epigenetic factors?

A

factors other than changes in DNA that influence gene expression

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2
Q

what are protiens?

A

compounds consisting of amino acids that perform life functions and make up cellular structures

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3
Q

what is polygenic inheritance?

A

when many genes influence a single trait

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4
Q

what is multifactorial inheritance?

A

affected by genes and the environment (psychology focused)

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5
Q

what is mitochondrial inheritance?

A

when cells mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mothers egg

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6
Q

define epigenome

A

the sum total of all inherited and acquired modifications to the genome

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7
Q

what is nativism?

A

the view that humans possess unique genetic traits that are manifested in all members of the species (universal traits)

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8
Q

what is ethology?

A

emphasizes genetically determined survival behaviours presumed to have developed due to natural selection

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9
Q

what is behavioural genetics?

A

the role of heredity in individual differences, NOT commonalities

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10
Q

define sociobiology

A

the study of society using biologyd

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11
Q

define evolutionary psychology

A

the idea that genetically inherited cognitive/social characteristics have evolved through natural selection

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12
Q

define developmental evolutionary psychology

A

inherited cognitive/social characteristics that promote survival appear at different times in the lifespan

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13
Q

what is evolutionary prenatal programming?

A

the prenatal environment may provide cues to the fetus about what to expect after birth

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14
Q

what is the predictive adaptive response?

A

the prenate’s ability to use information about its current environment to adjust physiology in anticipation that it will match environmental conditions and optimize survival
(e.g. if mom is malnourished the baby will store more food and use less energy)

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15
Q

what is the difference between repression and denial?

A

repression: you don’t remember what happened
denial: you refuse to accept that it happened

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16
Q

did Erikson believe development was continuous or discontinuous?

A

continuous

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17
Q

what are motives?

A

internal desires that drive behaviour

18
Q

define behaviourism

A

defines development in terms of changes in behaviour caused by environmental influence

19
Q

why don’t behaviourists study cognitive/mental processes

A

because they believe that if we can’t see it there is no point in studying it

20
Q

who came up with operant conditioning?

A

B.F Skinner

21
Q

what is positive reinforcement?

A

increasing behaviour by adding a pleasant stim (giving a treat)

22
Q

what is negative reinforcement?

A

increasing behaviour by removing a stimulus

23
Q

what is positive punishment?

A

decreasing behaviour by adding a unwanted stimulus

24
Q

what is negative punishment

A

decreasing a behaviour by removing a pleasant stimulus

25
Q

what is shaping?

A

reinforcement of small steps to work way up to the desired behaviour

26
Q

what is extinction?

A

gradual elimination of behaviour

27
Q

define scheme

A

internal structures that provides procedures to follow in given circumstances

28
Q

what is assimilation?

A

using existing schemes to make sense of events

29
Q

what is accommodation?

A

altering a scheme to incorporate new information

30
Q

what is the preoperational stage?

A

forming mental images

31
Q

what is the concrete operational stage?

A

understanding of things that are real

32
Q

what is the formal operational stage?

A

able to reason about hypotheticals

33
Q

what is the information-processing theory?

A

using a computer as a model to explain how the mind manages information

34
Q

what is scaffolding?

A

when learning is guided by someone who is more experienced

35
Q

what is the zone of proximal development?

A

when a task is too difficult to accomplish alone but manageable with an adult present

36
Q

what was Bandura focused on?

A

observational learning

37
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement?

A

observing consequences in other’s actions to inform about your own actions

38
Q

define reciprocal determinism

A

a process of development based on interaction between personal, environmental and behavioural factors

39
Q

what is the macrosystem?

A

overarching beliefs, values, customs

40
Q

what is the exosystem?

A

impacts the child indirectly (e.g. parents workplace)

41
Q

what is the mesosystem?

A

the child’s relationship with their environments

42
Q

what is the microsystem?

A

family, school, community

PSYC 2235 - Lifespan Development (4 decks)

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