Chapter 7: Client Assessments Flashcards
Subjective Assessments
Fitness assessments that require observation or a subjective, opinion-based measure.
Objective Assessments
Fitness assessments that collect repeatable, measurable data such as body composition or circumference measurement.
HIPAA
An American legislation designed to protect the health care data, information, and payment details of patients.
Initial Interview Packet
The first health and liability intake forms that a client will complete before beginning to work with a fitness professional.
Client Intake Form
A basic intake form to gather a client or potential client’s demographic information and general health history.
Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire
An intake form to assess a client’s readiness to begin a physical activity program and assess injury potential.
Health History Questionnaire
A detailed client intake form that gathers information on a client’s present and past health and medical history.
Liability Waiver
A short form that, when signed by a client, releases a fitness professional and/or their training facility from any liability should the client be injured while working with them.
Physician’s Letter of Clearance
A signed letter from a client’s health care provider stating they are cleared for physical activity and exercise that should also include any restrictions or limitations they should adhere to.
Three-Day Dietary Record
A common fitness and nutrition intake form that allows clients to log their food consumption for three consecutive days to observe their habits.
Client Profile
The collection of a client’s health and intake forms, biometric measurements (physical measurements like weight, height, etc.), training plan, and liability waivers.
Contraindications
Factors that serve as a reason to withhold training because of harm that it may cause.
Uncontrolled hypertension
high blood pressure that is not under control with medication or dietary interventions.
Aortic dissection
a tear in the aorta.
Marfan syndrome
a genetic disorder affecting connective tissue and that commonly affects the heart, eyes, blood vessels, and skeleton.
Risk factors for CHD
risk factors include high blood pressure, poor cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, smoking, and physical inactivity.
Diabetes
high or uncontrolled blood sugar.
Low functional capacity
the inability to exert energy and effort for activities such as dressing, eating, and moving around.
Metabolic Equivalents
The measure of the ratio of a person’s expended energy to their mass while performing physical activity.
Body Composition
The physical makeup of the body considering fat mass and lean mass.
Lean Body Mass
The fat-free mass of the body calculated by total weight minus the weight of bodyfat.
Chronic Disease
A condition lasting a year or more that limits daily activities and/or requires ongoing medical attention.
Amenorrhea
The absence or cessation of a menstrual cycle in females.
Body Mass Index
A predictive health measure of weight divided by height squared.
BMI equation
BMI = weight (kg) / height (m2)
BMI underweight classification
Below 18.5
BMI normal classification
18.5–24.9
BMI overweight classification
25–29.9
BMI obese classification
30 or above
Waist-to-Height Ratio
An objective assessment to measure cardiometabolic risk.
Waist-to-Height Ratio equation
Waist-to-height ratio = (waist circumference / height) × 100
Circumference Measurements
The measurement of the circumference of specific body regions.
Waist-to-Hip Ratio
A predictive health measure comparing the circumference of the waist to the circumference of the hips.
Waist-to-Hip Ratio equation
WHR = waist circumference / hip circumference
Body Density
The compactness of the body determined by dividing its mass by its volume.
Chest caliper measurement site
Measure about one inch below the collarbone and two to three inches out from the inside edge of the pectoral muscle. Be sure to stay on the pectoralis and avoid breast tissue if you are measuring a female. Pull the skinfold in a vertical direction.
Midaxillary caliper measurement site
Measure the fold in a horizontal line at the point where a vertical line from the mid axilla (middle of armpit) intersects with a horizontal line level with the sternum. Pull the skinfold in a vertical direction.
Suprailliac caliper measurement site
Measure about halfway between the navel and the top of the hip bone. This should be at or near the area where the oblique and abdominals meet. Pull the skinfold in a vertical direction.
Abdominal caliper measurement site
Measure about one inch to the left of and one inch down from the navel. Pull the skinfold in a vertical direction.
Thigh caliper measurement site
Measure in the middle of the quadriceps. If the area is too tight, you made need to go up one to two inches. Pull the skinfold in a vertical direction.
Triceps caliper measurement site
With the arm relaxed and to the side, a vertical skinfold measurement is taken halfway between the shoulder and the elbow.
Subscapular caliper measurement site
Locate the middle of the scapula and measure a vertical skinfold about one inch from the spine.
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
A method for body composition measurement using a weak electrical current to measure the resistance of body tissues.
Hydrostatic Weighing
A tool to measure body composition using water displacement and tissue density.
Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
An X-ray scanning test to determine body composition.
Osteoporosis
A skeletal condition that results in weak or brittle bones.
Dyspnea
Difficulty or labored breathing.
Resting Heart Rate
The measure of heart rate when completely at rest.
Hypertension
High blood pressure reading more than 140/90 mm Hg.
Normal Blood Pressure Reading
Less than 120/80 mm Hg
Elevated Blood Pressure Reading
Systolic between 120 and 129 and diastolic less than 80 mm Hg
Stage 1 Hypertension Reading
Systolic between 130 and 139 or diastolic between 80 and 89 mm Hg
Stage 2 Hypertension Reading
Systolic at least 140 or diastolic at least 90 mm Hg
Vo2 Max
The maximum amount of oxygen an individual can use during exercise.
Ventilatory Threshold
The threshold where ventilation increases faster than the volume of oxygen.
Metronome
A device marking time at a selected rate.
Specific Warm-ups
Activities that prepares the body for specific exercise to follow by incorporating movements that mimic the planned activity.
One-Repetition Max
A single maximum-strength repetition with maximum load.
Muscular Endurance
Assessments testing the ability of a muscle group to overcome resistance in as many repetitions as possible.
Muscular Imbalance
When the muscle or muscles on one side of the body are stronger, weaker, or more or less active than the corresponding muscle on the other side of the body.
Kinetic Chain
A system of links—or joints—in the body that generate and transfer force from one to the other.
Kinetic Chain Checkpoints
The six anatomical locations of predictable movement patterns where movement dysfunctions can be detected.
Overactive Muscles
Muscles that are shortened beyond the ideal length-tension relationship with high neural activation that feel tight.
Underachieve Muscles
Muscles that are lengthened beyond the ideal length-tension relationship and are, therefore, inhibited and less capable of producing force.
Muscle Synergies
The activation of a group of muscles to generate movement around a particular joint.
Muscular Force Couple
Two or more muscles generate force in different linear directions at the same time to produce one movement.
Lumbopelvic Hip Complex
The musculature of the hip that attaches to the pelvis and lumbar spine and works to stabilize the trunk and lower extremities.
Shoulder Girdle
The clavicle, scapula, and coracoid bones of the appendicular skeleton.
Closed Kinetic Chain Movement
A movement keeping the distal end of the body segment in action fixed.
Open Kinetic Chain Movement
A movement in which the distal aspect of the body segment in action is free (i.e., not fixed).
Static Posture
Posture when standing upright and still.
Movement Assessments
Observation and critique of movement patterns or exercise form.
Ideal Posture
Optimal body positioning and structural alignment.
Lordosis
The excessive inward curve of the lumbar spine.
Kyphosis
The exaggerated rounding of the thoracic spine.
Flat Back
An excessive lumbar flexion and posterior pelvic tilt.
Swayback
A posterior tilt with excessive extension of the lumbar spine that protrudes the buttocks.
Scoliosis
The sideways curvature of the spine.
Handedness
The tendency to use one side of the body more naturally than the other.
Knee Valgus
The position of the knee near the midline of the body (i.e., knock knees).
Knee Varus
The position of the knee away from the midline of the body (i.e., bowlegged).
Q Angle
The quadriceps angle formed between the quadriceps muscle and the patellar tendon.
Squat Assessment
The movement assessment of body mechanics during a squat with the goal of identifying movement dysfunctions along the kinetic chain.
Overhead Squat Assessment
The movement assessment of the overhead squat with the goal of identifying movement dysfunctions along the kinetic chain.
